eprintid: 88644 rev_number: 13 eprint_status: archive userid: 76427 dir: disk0/00/08/86/44 datestamp: 2025-11-26 06:26:49 lastmod: 2025-11-26 06:42:07 status_changed: 2025-11-26 06:26:49 type: thesis metadata_visibility: show contact_email: ridhoazahar.2023@student.uny.ac.id creators_name: Azahar, Ridho creators_name: Hariyanto, V. Lilik creators_id: ridhoazahar.2023@student.uny.ac.id creators_id: lilik_hariyanto@uny.ac.id title: Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Flipped Classroom Terintegrasi Green Skills pada Elemen Gambar Teknik di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan. ispublished: pub subjects: pasca_sarjana divisions: pps_teknik full_text_status: restricted keywords: Flipped Classroom, Green Skills, Gambar Teknik. abstract: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) Mengembangkan model pembelajaran Flipped Classroom yang dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan Green Skills siswa pada elemen gambar teknik di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK). (2) Menilai kelayakan model Flipped Classroom dalam meningkatkan Green Skills siswa pada elemen gambar teknik di SMK berdasarkan validasi ahli. (3) Menganalisis pengaruh model pembelajaran Flipped Classroom dalam meningkatkan Green Skills siswa pada elemen gambar teknik di SMK. (4) Menganalisis keefektifan model pembelajaran Flipped Classroom dalam meningkatkan Green Skills siswa pada elemen gambar teknik di SMK. Penelitian ini merupakan Research and Development (R&D) menggunakan model pengembangan 4D yang dikembangkan oleh Thiagarajan terdiri dari tahapan Define, Design, Develop, dan Disseminate. Populasi penelitian adalah SMK dengan konsentrasi keahlian Teknik Konstruksi dan Perumahan di Kota Medan dan Kabupaten Deli Serdang. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas X di SMK Negeri 1 Percut Sei Tuan sebanyak 30 orang sebagai kelas eksperimen dan SMK Negeri 2 Medan sebanyak 30 siswa sebagai kelas kontrol. Desain uji coba menggunakan Quasi Experimental Design untuk menganalisis pengaruh dan efektivitas model pembelajaran. Pengumpulan data penelitian meliput observasi, wawancara, penyebaran angket skala likert, tes pilihan ganda dan essay serta LKPD yang telah divalidasi oleh ahli materi, ahli media dan ahli pengguna. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji Independent Sample T Test dan uji N-Gain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Model pembelajaran Flipped Classroom terintegrasi Green Skills pada elemen gambar teknik di SMK berhasil dikembangkan melalui tahapan 4D dengan 3 siklus meliputi 6 sintaks pembelajaran. (2) Hasil validasi yang dilaksanakan melalui Focus Group Discussion (FGD) oleh ahli materi, ahli media, dan ahli pengguna menunjukkan bahwa model pembelajaran masuk dalam kategori Layak Digunakan, dengan rata-rata hasil validasi ahli materi sebesar 86,20, ahli media sebesar 76,46, dan ahli pengguna sebesar 85,41. (3) Uji t menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan (p = 0,000; < 0,05) dengan nilai effect size Cohen's d (d = 3.32; > 1.00), sehingga model pembelajaran Flipped Classroom terbukti berpengaruh Sangat Besar dalam meningkatkan Green Skills siswa SMK. (4) Uji efektivitas melalui N-Gain menunjukkan kategori Cukup Efektif (60,58%) pada kelas eksperimen dan Kurang Efektif (50,47%) pada kelas kontrol. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa model pembelajaran Flipped Classroom mampu meningkatkan Green Skills siswa, khususnya dalam aspek pemahaman dasar-dasar gambar teknik dan konsep rumah ramah lingkungan. date: 2025-10-14 date_type: published pages: 326 institution: Sekolah Pascasarjana department: Pendidkan Teknologi dan Kejuruan thesis_type: tesis referencetext: Abrosimova, G., Kondrateva, I., Voronina, E., & Plotnikova, N. (2019). Blended learning in university education. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(6), 06–10. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.762 Abuhassna, H., & Alnawajha, S. (2023). Instructional design made easy! Instructional design models, categories, frameworks, educational context, and recommendations for Future work. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(4), 715–735. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13040054 Adriani, D., Lubis, P., & Triono, M. (2020). Teaching material development of educational research methodology with ADDIE models. Proceedings of the The 3rd International Conference Community Research and Service Engagements, IC2RSE 2019, 4th December 2019, North Sumatra, Indonesia, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.4-12-2019.2293793 Afifi, Z., Syamsurizal, S., Helendra, H., & Anggriyani, R. (2023). Validasi pengembangan modul ajar bioteknologi berbasis problem based learning. ISLAMIKA, 5(3), 1189–1198. https://doi.org/10.36088/islamika.v5i3.3620 Ahmad, D., Mahir, I., & Prihantono, C. R. (2024). Innovative models for SMK and industry partnerships aligned with the Merdeka Belajar Curriculum. Journal of Pedagogi, 1(3), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.62872/y0198337 Alducin-Ochoa, J. M., & Vázquez-Martínez, A. I. (2016). Academic performance in blended-learning and face-to-face university teaching. Asian Social Science, 12(3), 207. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n3p207 Alisjahbana, A. S., Yusuf, A. A., Anna, Z., & Hadisoemarto, P. F. (2018). Menyongsong SDGs kesiapan daerah-daerah di Indonesia. Bandung: Unpad Press. Amannullah, G., Kurniawan, R., Budiantoro, S., & Nugraheni, I. (2023). Laporan pelaksanaan pencapaian tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan. In BAPPENAS (Vol. 01). Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives: complete edition. Addison Wesley Longman. Andhany, E., & Maysarah, S. (2023). Pengembangan modul pembelajaran digital interaktif berbasis literasi matematika. AKSIOMA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Matematika, 12(3), 3503. https://doi.org/10.24127/ajpm.v12i3.6299 Apriyani, M. E., Harijanto, B., & Hamdana, E. N. (2023). Development of learning innovation using augmented reality technology with a learning management system as a learning supplement. Sinkron: Jurnal & Penelitian Teknik Informatika, 8(4), 2692–2698. https://doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v8i4.13055 Ardiansyah, M., Hasan, M. A., & Khovivah, S. N. (2024). Urgensi pelestarian lingkungan di era revormasi 4.0. SEMAR: Jurnal Sosial Dan Pengabdian Masyarakat, 2(3), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.59966/semar.v2i3.882 Arviani, F. P., Wahyudin, D., & Dewi, L. (2023). Role of teaching strategies in promoting students’ higher order thinking skills and critical thinking dispositions. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 22(9), 347–364. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.9.19 Auktor, G. V. (2020). Green industrial skills for a sustainable future. Wien: UNIDO. Azahar, R. (2023). Perbedaan kemampuan teknik gambar yang diajar dengan model pembelajaran self directed learning dan tutor sebaya di era merdeka belajar pada mata pelajaran gambar teknik kelas X DPIB di SMK Negeri 2 Medan. Universitas Negeri Medan. Azahar, R., Hilhamsyah, H., Alim, M. I., Hartati, H., Dirmayani, T., Nasir, F. D. M., & Ariani, N. (2025). Fihsbone analysis: Challenges and strategies for implementing Merdeka Curriculum in vocational high schools. Jurnal Riset Dan Inovasi Pembelajaran, 5(2), 628–644. https://doi.org/10.51574/jrip.v5i2.3361 Azahar, R., & Siregar, S. (2024). Perbedaan kemampuan teknik gambar self-directed learning dan tutor sebaya di kelas X DPIB SMK Negeri 2 Medan. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Teknologi Indonesia, 3(11), 487–492. https://doi.org/10.52436/1.jpti.347 Azahar, R., & Sudira, P. (2025). Factors affecting student performance on engineering drawings in the industrial. IJMR: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Reseach, 01(01), 154–161. Baah, C., Govender, I., & Subramaniam, P. R. (2024). Enhancing Learning Engagement: A Study on Gamification’s Influence on Motivation and Cognitive Load. Education Sciences, 14(10), 1115. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14101115 Bao, A., Abraham, Y. S., & Penmatsa, S. R. (2025). Developing sustainability-focused competencies in civil engineering technology students. CIB Conferences, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.7771/3067-4883.2060 Batista-Toledo, S., & Gavilan, D. (2022). Implementation of blended learning during COVID-19. Encyclopedia, 2(4), 1763–1772. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2040121 Bergmann, J., & Sams, A. (2012). Flip your classroom: Reach every student in every class every day. USA: International Society for Technology in Education. Birgili, B., Seggie, F. N., & Oğuz, E. (2021). The trends and outcomes of flipped learning research between 2012 and 2018: A descriptive content analysis. Journal of Computers in Education, 8(3), 365–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-021-00183-y Boltayevich, E. B., Ergashevna, Y. N., Ganiyevna, A. N., Masharipovich, M. M., Zaynobidinovna, K. M., & Batyrovna, U. M. (2024). LMS information system development concept and principles. 2024 7th International Conference of Computer and Informatics Engineering (IC2IE), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2IE63342.2024.10748038 Buasuwan, P., & Orsuwan, M. (2023). Linking higher education to patterns of job mobility and emergent technological change. In In Student and Skilled Labour Mobility in the Asia Pacific Region: Reflecting the Emerging Fourth Industrial Revolution (pp. 89–106). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16065-3_5 Budhrani, K. S., D’Amico, M. M., & Espiritu, J. L. D. (2017). Developing a skilled workforce through technical and vocational education and training in the Philippines. In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series (pp. 1–27). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38909-7_28-1 Buil-Fabregá, M., Martínez Casanovas, M., Ruiz-Munzón, N., & Filho, W. L. (2019). Flipped classroom as an active learning methodology in sustainable development curricula. Sustainability, 11(17), 4577. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174577 Cahya, R., Rokhmat, J., & Gunada, I. W. (2022). Validity of learning tools creative problem solving models to improve students’ physics problem-solving ability. JPF (Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika) Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar, 10(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.24252/jpf.v10i1.27246 Caminero, A. C., Hernandez, R., Ros, S., Robles-Gomez, A., & Tobarra, L. (2013). Choosing the right LMS: A performance evaluation of three open-source LMS. 2013 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1109/EduCon.2013.6530119 Chao, C., Chen, Y., & Chuang, K. (2015). Exploring students’ learning attitude and achievement in flipped learning supported computer aided design curriculum: A study in high school engineering education. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 23(4), 514–526. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.21622 Chen, F.-Z., Chen, L.-A., Tseng, C.-C., Pai, C. H., Tsai, K.-E., Liang, E.-C., Chen, Y.-F., Chen, T.-L., Liu, S.-Y., Lee, P.-C., Lai, K.-C., Liu, B. R., Fouad, K. E., & Chen, C.-W. (2025). Enhancing student engagement and learning outcomes in life sciences: Implementing interactive learning environments and flipped classroom models. Discover Education, 4(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-00501-x Chen, J., & Liang, M. (2022). Play hard, study hard? The influence of gamification on students’ study engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.994700 Chiu, W.-Y., Liu, G.-Z., Barrett, N. E., Liaw, M.-L., Hwang, G.-J., & Lin, C.-C. (2023). Needs analysis-based design principles for constructing a context-aware English learning system. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 36(1–2), 176–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2021.1905666 da Costa, T., Aranda Lopez, L. I., Perussello, C., Quinn, F., Crowley, Q. G., McMahon, H., & Holden, N. M. (2025). Addressing the demand for green skills: Bridging the gap between university outcomes and industry requirements. Sustainability, 17(6), 2732. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062732 Del Cerro Velázquez, F., & Lozano Rivas, F. (2020). Education for sustainable development in STEM (technical drawing): Learning approach and method for SDG 11 in classrooms. Sustainability, 12(7), 2706. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072706 Deriu, F., & Gallo, R. (2024). Sustainable green educational paths in the Italian higher education institutions: A text mining approach. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(13), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135497 Divayana, D. G. H., Widiartini, N. K., & Ratnaya, I. G. (2022). Qualitative data requirements in the divayana evaluation model. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221134801 Dove, A., & Dove, E. (2015). Examining the influence of a flipped mathematics course on preservice elementary teachers mathematics anxiety and achievement. Electronic Journal of Mathematics & Technology, 9(2), 166–179. Drake, L., Kayser, M., & Jacobowitz, R. (2016). The flipped classroom. An approach to teaching and learning. A 2020 Vision for Public Education in Ulster County, July(16). Ediyanto, E., Sunandar, A., Ramadhani, R. S., & Aqilah, T. S. (2022). Sustainable instrument development in educational research. Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education, 13(1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.2478/dcse-2022-0004 Elgamal, H. (2025). What is the De facto? Implementation of the flipped classroom method in higher education: Veteran professors share their experiences over multiple years. Online Learning, 29(1), 130–154. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v29i1.4248 Ermakova, Y. V, Demyanenko, N. V, Kurovskii, V. N., Tsepilova, A. V, & Kadochnikova, S. (2016). The concept and blended learning models of engineering students when learning a foreign language. Asian EFL Journal, 95, 91–105. Erni, N., Azahar, R., & Abdulloh, A. (2024). Peningkatan aktivitas dan hasil belajar siswa melalui penerapan model pembelajaran project based learning di sekolah menengah kejuruan. Jurnal Riset Dan Inovasi Pembelajaran, 4(1), 606–618. https://doi.org/10.51574/jrip.v4i1.1414 Eyadat, H. M. M. (2023). The challenges of using technology in vocational education and their impact on students’ achievement from the teachers’ point of view in Ramtha District Schools in Jordan. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 12(3), 25. https://doi.org/10.5430/jct.v12n3p25 Faro, M. H., Gutu, T. S., & Hunde, A. B. (2024). Improving student engagement with a flipped classroom instruction model in Ethiopian higher education institutions: The case of Mattu University. PLOS ONE, 19(10), e0307382. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307382 Feledichuk, D., & Wong, A. (2024). The impact of a flipped classroom on student achievement in undergraduate economics courses. In Teaching Economics at the Undergraduate Level (pp. 147–171). Nova Science Publishers. Fetaji, M., Fetaji, B., & Ebibi, M. (2019). Analyses of possibilities of flipped classroom in teaching computer science courses. 2019 42nd International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), 747–752. https://doi.org/10.23919/MIPRO.2019.8757126 Fikri, A., Suarman, Isjoni, Sumarno, & Ofianto. (2025). Development of formative assessment in history lessons with research-based learning model to measure historical thinking skills. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 7(9), 2025452. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025452 Fuchs, M. (2024). Green skills for sustainability transitions. Geography Compass, 18(10), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.70003 Gachkova, M., Somova, E., & Gaftandzhieva, S. (2020). Gamification of courses in the e-learning environment. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 878(1), 012035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/878/1/012035 Gall, M. D., Borg, W. R., & Gall, J. P. (2003). Educational research: an introduction (Seventh ed). Boston, USA: Pearson Education Inc. Gardner, J. (2015). Flipping the Classroom: Challenges of implementation. In Implementation and Critical Assessment of the Flipped Classroom Experience (pp. 157–174). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7464-6.ch009 Grenčíková, A., Kordoš, M., & Navickas, V. (2021). The impact of industry 4.0 on education contents. Business: Theory and Practice, 22(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2021.13166 Hansen, R. (2009). The pedagogical roots of technical learning and thinking. In In International handbook of education for the changing world of work: Bridging academic and vocational learning (pp. 5-18). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Huerta, O., Kus, A., Unver, E., Arslan, R., Dawood, M., Kofoğlu, M., & Ivanov, V. (2019). A design-based approach to enhancing technical drawing skills in design and engineering education using VR and AR Tools. Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications, 306–313. https://doi.org/10.5220/0007566003060313 Husamah, H., Suwono, H., Nur, H., & Dharmawan, A. (2022). Global trend of research and development in education in the pandemic era: A systematic literature review. Research and Development in Education, 2(2), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.22219/raden.v2i2.23224 Indonesia, K. P. dan K. (2021). Panduan implementasi kurikulum merdeka. Jakarta: Kemendikbud. Ivan, M., Ulfah, M., Awalludin, A., Novarita, N., Nilawijaya, R., & Fitriyyah, D. (2023). An exploration into the Impact of flipped classroom model on cadets’ problem-solving skills: A mix method study. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 9(4), 745–759. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.9.4.745 Jungić, V., Kaur, H., Mulholland, J., & Xin, C. (2015). On flipping the classroom in large first year calculus courses. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 46(4), 508–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2014.990529 Kurnia, T. C., & Syarifah, L. S. (2024). Perencanaan pendidikan dan peran pendidikan dalam pencapaian sustainable development goals (sdgs). Bandung: Indonesia Emas Group. Kurniaman, O., Noviana, E., Guslinda, G., & Zufriady, Z. (2021). 4-D model: Teaching materials to reading comprehension with DRTA strategy for elementary school Students. Jurnal Basicedu, 5(2), 672–682. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i2.710 Kurniati, D., Wahyuna, I., Sepeng, P., Osman, S., & Dwi, D. (2024). Development of numeracy problems based on education for sustainable development (ESD) to measure critical thinking ability. TEM Journal, 1916–1926. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM133-19 Kwauk, C. T., & Casey, O. M. (2022). A green skills framework for climate action, gender empowerment, and climate justice. Development Policy Review, 40(S2). https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12624 Lakshmi Bai, K. J., Shatvika Shadvini, T., Kumar, G. P., Reddy, N., Sai, P. M., & Siri Chandana, P. (2024). GAME 101: An online gamified learning platform for data structure and algorithms. 2024 IEEE 4th International Conference on ICT in Business Industry & Government (ICTBIG), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTBIG64922.2024.10911707 Li, F. (2022). The impact of the flipped classroom teaching model on EFL learners’ language learning: Positive changes in learning attitudes, perceptions and performance. World Journal of English Language, 12(5), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n5p136 Lindsten, H. H., Auvinen, P. J., & Juuti, T. S. (2019). Internal and external stakeholders’ impact on product development curriculum design. DS 95: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (E&PDE 2019), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. 12th -13th September 2019, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.35199/epde2019.64 Liu, O. L. (2023). Assessing student learning outcomes of higher education. In Research Handbook on the Student Experience in Higher Education (pp. 283–295). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781802204193.00029 Lo, C. K., Hew, K. F., & Chen, G. (2017). Toward a set of design principles for mathematics flipped classrooms: A synthesis of research in mathematics education. Educational Research Review, 22, 50–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2017.08.002 Lo, N. P.-K. (2024). The confluence of digital literacy and eco-consciousness: Harmonizing digital skills with sustainable practices in education. Platforms, 2(1), 15–32. https://doi.org/10.3390/platforms2010002 Mahdavi, M., & Khoobkar, M. H. (2010). Effective design and delivery of learning materials in learning management systems. In Web-Based Engineering Education (pp. 175–185). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-659-9.ch013 Makgato, M., & Afeti, G. (2020). New models for technical and vocational education and training. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2607-1 Manseguiao, A. G. S., Salic-Hairulla, M. A., Salazar, D. A., Dinoro, A. P., & Adamat, L. A. (2025). Development of contextualized learning packets in ecosystem for grade 7 learners. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VIII(XII), 2649–2660. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.8120223 Mashun, M., Mustaji, M., Mariono, A., & Suhardi, M. (2022). Management model development of instructional materials for professional competence improvement of teachers in Indonesia. Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies, 2(10), 2091–2104. https://doi.org/10.36418/eduvest.v2i10.622 McLaughlin, J. E., Roth, M. T., Glatt, D. M., Gharkholonarehe, N., Davidson, C. A., Griffin, L. M., Esserman, D. A., & Mumper, R. J. (2014). The flipped classroom: A course redesign to foster learning and engagement in a health professions school. Academic Medicine, 89(2), 236–243. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000000086 Medina, L. C. (2018). Blended learning: Deficits and prospects in higher education. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.3100 Meng, C., Zhao, M., Pan, Z., Pan, Q., & Bonk, C. J. (2024). Investigating the impact of gamification components on online learners’ engagement. Smart Learning Environments, 11(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00336-3 Mertler, C. A. (2024). Introduction to educational research. Sage Publications. Mian, S. H., Salah, B., Ameen, W., Moiduddin, K., & Alkhalefah, H. (2020). Adapting universities for sustainability education in industry 4.0: Channel of challenges and opportunities. Sustainability, 12(15), 6100. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156100 Michalíková, M., Horňáková, N., Cagáňová, D., & Molnár, F. M. (2024). Green skills as an opportunity to reassess the slovak education system. EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing, 311–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56533-5_22 Miranda, P., Isaias, P., & Pifano, S. (2025). How will it blend? Design considerations for blended learning in higher education. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-85652-5_33 Moses Adeleke Adeoye, Kadek Adrian Surya Indra Wirawan, Made Shania Satya Pradnyani, & Nyoman Intan Septiarini. (2024). Revolutionizing education: Unleashing the power of the ADDIE model for effective teaching and learning. JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia), 13(1), 202–209. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpiundiksha.v13i1.68624 Mukhtar, N., Kamin, Y. Bin, Saud, M. S. B., Al Rahmi, W. M., Nordin, M. S. Bin, Arsat, M. Bin, Amin, N. F. B., & Yahaya, N. Bin. (2020). Conceptual model of technical sustainability for integration into electrical/electronice engineering programmes in Nigerian Polytechnics. IEEE Access, 8, 128519–128535. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3002579 Murni, D., Helma, & Mirna. (2019). Validity and practicality of calculus teaching materials based on integrated ict contextual problems to improve students problem solving skills. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1317(1), 012131. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1317/1/012131 Mutohhari, F., Sudira, P., Pardjono, P., Suyitno, S., Warju, W., Isnantyo, F. D., & Majid, N. W. A. (2025). Generic green skills: Maturity level of vocational education teachers and students in Indonesia. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 14(1), 179. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v14i1.29191 Nazififard, S., Jafari, S. M., Matin, H. Z., & Yazdani, H. (2019). A Model for utilizing the potential of gamification in learning. 2019 5th Conference on Knowledge Based Engineering and Innovation (KBEI), 874–878. https://doi.org/10.1109/KBEI.2019.8735001 Netpradit, S., Tongsumrith, T., & Bunlungsup, W. (2025). Development of the multimedia modules for interactive online learning to enhance understanding of principles of graphic design on packaging. The Asian Conference on Education, 333–340. https://doi.org/10.22492/issn.2186-5892.2025.30 Nguyen-Viet, B., & Nguyen-Viet, B. (2023). Enhancing satisfaction among Vietnamese students through gamification: The mediating role of engagement and learning effectiveness. Cogent Education, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2265276 Nouri, J. (2016). The flipped classroom: For active, effective and increased learning – especially for low achievers. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 13(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-016-0032-z Nováková, D., & Němejc, K. (2024). Competences for the future (Future Work 4S) – Green skills and environmental education. BioResources, 19(4), 7381–7392. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.4.7381-7392 Nugraheni, B. I., . S., Hendrowibowo, L., Johari, R. J., & Listianto, G. A. (2024). Development of an integrative flipped classroom model to improve students’ critical thinking skills and learning responsibility. Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(3), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i3.3263 Nugraheni, B. I., Sukirno, & Hendrowobowo, L. (2022). Buku panduan implementasi model flipped classroom integratif. Nwosisi, C., Ferreira, A., Rosenberg, W., & Walsh, K. (2016). A Study of the flipped classroom and Its effectiveness in flipping thirty percent of the course content. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 6(5), 348–351. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijiet.2016.v6.712 OECD. (2014). Greener Skills and Jobs. In OECD Green Growth Studies. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264208704-en Oetari, F., Komala, R., & Sigit, D. V. (2024). Investigating the relationship between Self-regulation, environmental literacy, and students’ problem-solving skills in environmental pollution. Formatif: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan MIPA, 14(148), 343–354. Oktariyani, Y., Safitri, S., & Fitriani, Y. (2025). Desain penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif dalam konteks pendidikan. Indonesian Research Journal on Education, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.31004/irje.v5i4.3004 Oliveira, H., & Penha-Lopes, G. (2020). Permaculture in Portugal: Social-ecological inventory of a re-ruralizing grassroots movement. European Countryside, 12(1), 30–52. https://doi.org/10.2478/euco-2020-0002 Ortiz-Escobar, L. M., Chavarria, M. A., Schönenberger, K., Hurst, S., Stein, M. A., Mugeere, A., & Rivas Velarde, M. (2023). Assessing the implementation of user-centred design standards on assistive technology for persons with visual impairments: A systematic review. Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences, 4, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2023.1238158 Ozdamli, F., & Asiksoy, G. (2016). Flipped classroom approach. World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues, 8(2), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.18844/wjet.v8i2.640 Pacheco, E., Salinas, D., & Arana, I. (2020). Gamification and self-directed learning. Proceedings of the 13th EuropeanConference on Game Based Learning, 417–426. https://doi.org/10.34190/GBL.20.159 Paeradigms, C. (2024). Integrating green skills into education and research. Barcelona: Union for the Mediterranean. Palomares-Montero, D., Chisvert-Tarazona, M. J., & Del Campo Ponz, C. (2021). Technology as an influential variable in the development of dialogical learning. Educar, 58(1), 157–171. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/educar.1332 Palova, D. (2016). Experience with usage of LMS moodle not only for the educational purposes at the educational institution. 2016 39th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics, MIPRO 2016 - Proceedings, 901–906. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIPRO.2016.7522268 Pavlova, M. (2017). Green skills as the agenda for the competence movement in vocational and professional education. In M. Mulder (Ed.), Technical and Vocational Education and Training: Issues, Concerns and Prospects (pp. 931–951). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41713-4_43 Pavlova, M. (2018). Fostering inclusive, sustainable economic growth and “green” skills development in learning cities through partnerships. International Review of Education, 64(3), 339–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-018-9718-x Pavlova, M., & Singh, M. (2022). Recognizing green skills through non formal learning: A comparative study in Asia. Singapore: Springer. Phillips, C., & O’Flaherty, J. (2019). Evaluating nursing students’ engagement in an online course using flipped virtual classrooms. Student Success, 10(1), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.5204/ssj.v10i1.1098 Pries, L. (2022). Toward a sociology of evolution in the Anthropocene–Shared intentionality and cooperation through understanding minds. Frontiers in Sociology, 7, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2022.1079879 Purba, S. W. D., Chao, H.-C., Hwang, W.-Y., & Tang, Y.-Q. (2024). Empowering vocational students: Exploring mobile learning for sustainable high-level cognition in authentic contexts. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 20(8), em2491. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/14917 Rahman, A. A., Aris, B., Rosli, M. S., Mohamed, H., Abdullah, Z., & Mohd Zaid, N. (2015). Significance of preparedness in flipped classroom. Advanced Science Letters, 21(10), 3388–3390. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2015.6514 Rajput, S., Deshmukh, A., Dhomse, S., Dhumal, G., & Dhurve, S. (2025). Gamification in education: Designing and evaluating a learning platform for school students. 2025 6th International Conference on Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks (ICICV), 240–244. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICV64824.2025.11085600 Ramadhani, R., Syahputra, E., & Simamora, E. (2023). Model ethno-flipped classroom: Solusi pembelajaran fleksibel bermakna (R. Fadhli (ed.)). Bandung: Indonesia Emas Group. Ramadhani, R., Umam, R., Abdurrahman, A., & Syazali, M. (2019). The effect of flipped-problem based learning model integrated with LMS-google classroom for senior high school students. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 7(2), 137–158. https://doi.org/10.17478/jegys.548350 Ramli, S., Rasul, M. S., & Affandi, H. M. (2019). The importance of green skills-from the perspective of TVET lecturers and teacher trainees. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 7(6), 186–199. Ramsarup, P., Rosenberg, E., Lotz‐Sisitka, H., & Jenkin, N. (2019). Sustainability transitions in South Africa (N. Mohamed (ed.)). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315190617 Ras, E., Wild, F., Stahl, C., & Baudet, A. (2017). Bridging the skills gap of workers in industry 4.0 by human performance augmentation tools. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments, 428–432. https://doi.org/10.1145/3056540.3076192 Riyanto, S., & Hatmawan, A. A. (2020). Metode riset penelitian kuantitatif penelitian di bidang manajemen, teknik, pendidikan, dan eksperimen. In Deepublish. Ruswandi, A., Ruswandi, R., Firdaus, M. A., Yanuarsari, R., & Muchtar, H. S. (2025). Exploring student perceptions of blended learning: Flexibility, ICT literacy, and the preference for traditional classroom learning. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v17i1.6266 Rutkowska, M., & Sulich, A. (2020). Green jobs on the background of industry 4.0. Procedia Computer Science, 176, 1231–1240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.09.132 Sabonchi, A. K. S., & Gorur, A. K. (2017). Plagiarism detection in learning management system. 2017 8th International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT), 495–500. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITECH.2017.8080048 Sachs, J., Lafortune, G., & Fuller, G. (2024). The SDGs and the UN summit of the future. Sustainable development report 2024. In Sustainable Development Solutions Network. https://doi.org/10.25546/108572 Sangree, R. H. (2022). Student performance, engagement, and satisfaction in a flipped Statics and Mechanics of Materials classroom: A case study. ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings, 1–16. Saputri, F. M., & Ediyono, S. (2022). Education framework 2030: Do vocational school students have green skills? Jurnal Kependidikan: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Dan Kajian Kepustakaan Di Bidang Pendidikan, Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran, 8(3), 605. https://doi.org/10.33394/jk.v8i3.5355 Sari, K. (2024). BPS catat angka pengangguran di sumut 458 ribu orang, terbanyak lulusan SMK. Detiksumut. https://www.detik.com/sumut/berita/d-7623501/bps-catat-angka-pengangguran-di-sumut-458-ribu-orang-terbanyak-lulusan-smk Sarwa, Rosnelli, Triatmojo, W., & Priyadi, M. (2021). Implementation of flipped classroom on experiences in online learning during pandemic Covid-19 for a project-base vocational learning guide. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1842(1), 012019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1842/1/012019 Sasikirana, V., & Herlambang, Y. T. (2020). Urgensi merdeka belajar di era revolusi industri 4.0 dan tantangan society 5.0. E-Tech, 8(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24036/et.v8i2.110765 Saudi, M. H. M., Sinaga, O., Roespinoedji, D., & Razimi, M. S. A. (2019). Environmental sustainability in the fourth industrial revolution: The nexus between green product and green process innovation. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(5), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8281 Schmidt, S. M. P., & Ralph, D. L. (2016). The flipped classroom: A twist on teaching. Contemporary Issues in Education Research, 9(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/14739879.2015.1109809 Sern, L. C., Zaime, A. F., & Foong, L. M. (2018). Green skills for green industry: A review of literature. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1019, 012030. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1019/1/012030 Setiawan, A. (2017). Identification of green skills acquisition in Indonesian TVET curricula. AIP Conference Proceedings, 020074. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5003557 Setiyawan, A., Soeharto, S., Yunianto, W., Cahyono, A. N., Kasti, H., & Lavicza, Z. (2025). How orthographic projection engineering drawing support VHS students in their future career: An industrial perspective. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/03064190251377899 Shaarani, A. S., & Bakar, N. (2021). A New Flipped Learning Engagement Model To Teach Programming Course. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 12(9), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2021.0120907 Shi, Y., Wang, S., Ma, Y., MacLeod, J., & Yang, H. H. (2018). College students’ learning outcomes in flipped classroom instruction: A literature review. International Symposium on Educational Technology (ISET), 78–81. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISET.2018.00026 Shraddha, B. H., Iyer, N. C., Kotabagi, S., Mohanachandran, P., Hangal, R. V., Patil, N., Eligar, S., & Patil, J. (2020). Enhanced learning experience by comparative investigation of pedagogical approach: Flipped classroom. Procedia Computer Science, 172(2019), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.05.003 Simanjuntak, M. P., Sihite, E. I., & Suyanti, R. D. (2023). The effect of blended learning with edmodo-assisted scientific approach on independence and science learning outcomes. International Journal of Instruction, 16(4), 135–154. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2023.1649a Slamet, F. A. (2022). Model penelitian pengembangan (R n D). Malang: Institut Agama Islam Sunan Kalijogo Malang. Strachan, S., Greig, A., & Jones, A. (2022). Going green post COVID-19: Employer perspectives on skills needs. Local Economy, 37(6), 481–506. https://doi.org/10.1177/02690942231151638 Strelan, P., Osborn, A., & Palmer, E. (2020). Student satisfaction with courses and instructors in a flipped classroom: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 36(3), 295–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12421 Sudira, P. (2012). Filosofi dan teori pendidikan vokasi dan kejuruan. In Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Yogyakarta: UNY Press. Sudira, P. (2017). TVET abad XXI filosofi, konsep, dan strategi pembelajaran vokasional. Yogyakarta: UNY Press. Sugiyono. (2018). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta. Syarifudin Hidayatullah, R., Supardji, S., & Susila, I. W. (2024). Development of digital learning simulators to increase vocational students’ prior knowledge. TEM Journal, 1981–1988. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM133-26 Thunqvist, D. P., Gustavsson, M., & ... (2023). The role of VET in a green transition of industry: A literature review. … in Vocational Education …. https://www.pedocs.de/frontdoor.php?source_opus=28070 Umar, U., Purwanto, M. B., & Al Firdaus, M. M. (2023). Research and development: As the primary alternative to educational research design frameworks. JELL (Journal of English Language and Literature) STIBA-IEC Jakarta, 8(01), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.37110/jell.v8i01.172 Unal, Z., & Unal, A. (2017). Comparison of student performance, student perception, and teacher satisfaction with traditional versus flipped classroom models. International Journal of Instruction, 10(4), 145–164. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2017.1049a UNESCO. (2016). Strategy for technical and vocational education and training (TVET) (2016-2021). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, Place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France, 860–860. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000245239 UNESCO. (2020). Education for sustainable development: A roadmap. Paris: UNESCO. https://doi.org/10.54675/YFRE1448 UNESCO. (2021). UNESCO Strategy for TVET (2022-2029): Transforming TVET for Successful and Just Transitions Discussion Document. 1–12. https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/unesco-strategy-for-tvet_2022-2029-discussion-document-en.pdf Union, E. (2020). Green skills for green future. The European Union. Väljataga, T., Ümarik, M., Loogma, K., Bentsalo, I., Daukilas, S., Kaminskiene, L., Vaitkute, L., Gedviliene, G., & Tutlys, V. (2025). Educational learning lab supporting innovation adoption in vocational education. Frontiers in Education, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1422647 van Alten, D. C. D., Phielix, C., Janssen, J., & Kester, L. (2019). Effects of flipping the classroom on learning outcomes and satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 28, 100281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.05.003 van den Berg, C., & Bozalek, V. (2024). Design principles to develop digital innovation skills: A design-based research approach. Educational Technology Research and Development, 72(2), 947–972. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-023-10308-y Venkatraman, S., Benli, F., Wei, Y., & Wahr, F. (2022). Smart classroom teaching strategy to enhance higher order thinking skills (hots)—an agile approach for education 4.0. Future Internet, 14(9), 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14090255 Vona, F., Marin, G., Consoli, D., & Popp, D. (2015). Green skills. In NBER Working Paper No. 21116. Cambridge US: National Bureau of Economic Research. Vona, F., Marin, G., Consoli, D., & Popp, D. (2018). Environmental regulation and green skills: An empirical exploration. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 5(4), 713–753. https://doi.org/10.1086/698859 Wahyudin, D., Hanafi, I., & Ahmad, M. (2025). Enhancing vocational education through the teaching factory model: A study on industry-education collaboration. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 9(2), 1747–1758. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4904 Wang, V. X., Russo, M. R., & Bryan, V. C. (2016). All roads lead to curriculum inclusive of social justice and democracy. In Educational Leadership and Administration (pp. 2034–2055). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1624-8.ch093 Wegenberger, O., & Ponocny, I. (2025). Green skills are not enough: Three levels of competences from an applied perspective. Sustainability (Switzerland), 17(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010327 Winarko. (2022). Dasar-dasar teknik konstruksi dan perumahan. Jakarta: Kemdikbudristek. Yueh, H.-P., & Hsu, S. (2008). Designing a learning management system to support instruction. Communications of the ACM, 51(4), 59–63. https://doi.org/10.1145/1330311.1330324 Zadeh, A. B., Ayub, A. F. M., Mahmud, R., & Daud, S. M. (2014). Assessing organizational support and system characteristics of learning management system: Views from malaysian higher education undergraduate student. Workshop Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computers in Education, ICCE 2014, 90–95. Zainil, M., Putra, A. P., Sa’ud, U. S., Helsa, Y., Desmaiyanti, D., Ariani, Y., & Rusdinal, R. (2023). Development of learning management system model and numerical literacy-based message content. International Journal of Instruction, 16(4), 1041–1060. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2023.16457a Zenner-Höffkes, L., & Pilz, M. (2023). Ausbildungsreife als interessenpolitisch genutztes argument im kontext unterschiedlicher ausbildungsmarktsituationen. Zeitschrift Für Berufs- Und Wirtschaftspädagogik, 119(1), 48–79. https://doi.org/10.25162/zbw-2023-0003 Zhang, W., & Han, C. (2012). A case study of the application of a blended learning approach to web-based college english teaching platform in a Medical University in Eastern China. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(9), 1961–1970. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.9.1961-1970 Zhou, F., Zhao, C., Jiang, Z., & Wang, L. (2017). A Study on the Learning Support Service of Blended Learning Under the Environment of Online Open Courses. 2017 International Symposium on Educational Technology (ISET), 272–276. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISET.2017.67 Zulkifli, Z., Ambiyar, A., Syahril, S., Giatman, M., Mulyono, H., Saputra, A., & Weriza, J. (2024). Development of flipped classroom combined case team-based project learning to improve students’ academic achievements in higher education. TEM Journal, 3495–3504. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM134-82 citation: Azahar, Ridho and Hariyanto, V. Lilik (2025) Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Flipped Classroom Terintegrasi Green Skills pada Elemen Gambar Teknik di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan. S2 thesis, Sekolah Pascasarjana. document_url: http://eprints.uny.ac.id/88644/1/Tesis%20Ridho%20Azahar-UNY.pdf