eprintid: 74628
rev_number: 9
eprint_status: archive
userid: 1290
dir: disk0/00/07/46/28
datestamp: 2022-10-13 02:53:47
lastmod: 2022-10-13 02:53:47
status_changed: 2022-10-13 02:53:47
type: thesis
metadata_visibility: show
creators_name: Susanti, Mathilda
creators_name: Suyanto, Suyanto
title: Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis dan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Mahasiswa.
ispublished: pub
subjects: D0
subjects: D4
divisions: pps_ip
full_text_status: restricted
keywords: kemapuan berpikir kritis, kemampuan pemecahan masalah, model pembelajaran berbasis masalah
abstract: Masalah yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini yaitu rendahnya kemampuan berpi-
kir kritis dan pemecahan masalah mahasiswa dalam perkuliahan teori peluang. Selain itu,
belum ditemukan model perkuliahan teori peluang yang khusus digunakan untuk
mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan pemecahan masalah mahasiswa. Oleh
karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) menghasilkan model pembelajaran berbasis
masalah dan perangkat pembelajaran pendukungnya untuk meningkatkan kemampuan
berpikir kritis dan pemecahan masalah mahasiswa dan (2) mendeskripsikan kelayakannya.
Penelitian pengembangan ini menggunakan model pengembangan yang diajukan
oleh Plomp yang terdiri atas tiga fase, yaitu (1) studi pendahuluan, (2) pengembangan atau
pembuatan prototipe, dan (3) penilaian. Kelayakan dari model pembelajaran berbasis
masalah ditentukan berdasarkan tiga kriteria dari Nieeven, yaitu validitas, kepraktisan, dan
keefektifan. Uji coba lapangan dalam penelitian ini melibatkan 64 mahasiswa program
studi pendidikan matematika dan 2 praktisi dari dua universitas di Daerah Istimewa
Yogyakarta. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri atas lembar validasi,
lembar kepraktisan, dan tes kemampuan berpikir kritis, dan tes kemampuan pemecahan
masalah. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif.
Penelitian ini telah menghasilkan produk berupa model pembelajaran berbasis
masalah yang layak digunakan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan pe-
mecahan masalah dalam perkuliahan teori peluang, yang dinamai Model Pembelajaran
Berbasis Masalah untuk melatihkan Kompetensi Abad 21 (MPBM-K21). Model pembe-
lajaran ini dikembangkan menggunakan sintaks dasar pembelajaran berbasis masalah
untuk melatihkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan pemecahan masalah mahasiswa. Kom-
ponen model pembelajaran tersebut terdiri atas sintaks perkuliahan, sistem sosial, prinsip
reaksi, sistem pendukung, dan dampak perkuliahan. Model yang dihasilkan dilengkapi
dengan satuan acara perkuliahan (SAP), lembar kerja mahasiswa (LKM), dan instrumen
pengukuran kemampuan berpikir kritis dan pemecahan masalah untuk mempermudah im-
plementasinya. Model pembelajaran tersebut dikatakan layak digunakan dalam perkuliah-
an teori peluang karena telah memenuhi kriteria validitas dengan kategori sangat baik dan
kepraktisan dengan kategori sangat baik. Meskipun model pembelajaran yang dikembang-
kan belum memenuhi kriteria keefektifan yang diharapkan, hasil penelitian telah menun-
jukkan adanya peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan kemampuan pemecahan ma-
salah mahasiswa setelah mengikuti perkuliahan teori peluang yang menerapkan model
pembelajaran berbasis masalah tersebut.
date: 2022-08-09
date_type: published
institution: Program Pascasarjana
department: Ilmu Pendidikan
thesis_type: disertasi
referencetext: Ab Kadir, M. A. (2018). An inquiry into critical thinking in the Australian curriculum: examining its conceptual understandings and their implications on developing critical thinking as a “general capability” on teachers’ practice and knowledge. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 38(4), 533–549. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2018.1535424
Abdelkarim, A., Schween, D., & Ford, T. (2018). Advantages and disadvantages of Problem-Based Learning from the professional perspective of medical and dental faculty. EC Dental Science, 17(July), 1073–1079.
Afriana, N., Halim, A., & Syukri, M. (2021). Analysis of the characteristics of students’ critical thinking skills in completing national exam questions. Journal of Research in Science Education, 7(2), 196. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v7i2.627
Ahdhianto, E., Arafik, M., Thohir, M. A., Mas’ula, S., & Putra, Y. D. (2022). Development of PBL-based Web Learning model for students of elementary school teacher education study program. 2022 2nd International Conference on Information Technology and Education (ICIT&E), 247–250. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITE54466.2022.9759868
Aini, N. R., Syafril, S., Netriwati, N., Pahrudin, A., Rahayu, T., & Puspasari, V. (2019). Problem-Based Learning for critical thinking skills in mathematics. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1155(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1155/1/012026
Ajai, J. T., & Imoko, B. I. (2014). Gender differences in mathematics achievement and retention scores: a case of problem-based learning method. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 1(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.21890/ijres.76785
Akben, N. (2020). Effects of the Problem-Posing Approach on students’ problem solving skills and metacognitive awareness in science education. Research in Science Education, 50(3), 1143–1165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-018- 9726-7
Akyol, S., & Fer, S. (2010). Effects of social constructivist learning environment design on 5th grades learners’ learning. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 948–953.
Alfares, N. (2021). The effect of problem-based learning on students’ problem- solving self-efficacy through blackboard system in higher education. International Journal of Education and Practice, 9(1), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.61.2021.91.185.200
Anazifa, R. D., & Djukri. (2017). Project-based learning and problem-based 160
learning: are they effective to improve student’s thinking skills? Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 6(2), 346–355. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v6i2.11100
Anggoro, B. S. (2015). Sejarah teori peluang dan statistika. Al-Jabar: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 6(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.24042/ajpm.v6i1.55
Aprido B. Simamora, Wahono Widodo, & I Gusti Made Sanjaya. (2020). Innovative learning model: Improving the students’ scientific literacy of junior high school. IJORER : International Journal of Recent Educational Research, 1(3), 271–285. https://doi.org/10.46245/ijorer.v1i3.55
Arends, R. I., & Kilcher, A. (2010). Teaching for student learning: Becoming an accomplished teacher. In Teaching for Student Learning: Becoming an Accomplished Teacher. New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203866771
Argaw, A. S., Haile, B. B., Ayalew, B. T., & Kuma, S. G. (2017). The effect of problem based learning (PBL) instruction on students’ motivation and problem solving skills of physics. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(3), 857–871. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.00647a
Arnyana, I. B. P. (2019). Pembelajaran untuk meningkatkan kompetensi 4C untuk menyongsong era abad 21. Prosiding: Konferensi Nasional Matematika Dan IPA Universitas PGRI Banyuwangi, 1(1), 37–39. Banyuwangi: Universitas PGRI Banyuwangi.
Aydoğdu, M., & Ayaz, M. F. (2018). The importance of problem solving in mathematics curriculum. New World Sciences Academy Journal, 23(45), 5– 24.
Bain, L. J., & Engelhardt, M. (1992). Introduction to probability and mathematical statistics. Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.
Beyazsacli, M. (2016). Relationship between problem solving skills and academic achievement. Anthropologist, 25(3), 288–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2016.11892118
Beyer, B. K. (1995). Critical thinking: What is it? Bloomington, Ind.: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.
Bransford, J. D. D., & Stein, B. S. (1994). The Ideal Problem Solver (2nd ed.). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman.
Brookhart, S. M. (2010). How to assess higher-order thinking skills in your classroom. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
Burton, E. (2010). High level thinking and questioning strategies. Eastern 161

Michigan University.
Chambers, P. (2008). Teaching mathematics. London, UK: SAGE Publication.
Changwong, K., Sukkamart, A., & Sisan, B. (2018). Critical thinking skill development: Analysis of a new learning management model for Thai high schools. Journal of International Studies, 11(2), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2018/11-2/3
Cheng, S., Ferris, M., & Perolio, J. (2018). An innovative classroom approach for developing critical thinkers in the introductory statistics course. American Statistician, 72(4), 354–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2017.1305293
Chiang, C. L., & Lee, H. (2016). The Effect of Project-Based Learning on learning motivation and problem-solving ability of vocational high school students. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 6(9), 709–712. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijiet.2016.v6.779
Csapó, B., & Molnár, G. (2017). Potential for assessing dynamic problem-solving at the beginning of higher education studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(NOV). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02022
Danike, I., Arhasy, E. A., & Muslim, S. R. (2019). Analisis kemampuan berpikir kritis matematik ditinjau dari Certainy Of Response Index ( CRI ) test dengan menggunakan model inkuiri terbimbing. Journal Authentic Research on Mathematics Education (JARME), 1(1), 78–93.
Deep, S., Ahmed, A., Suleman, N., Abbas, M. Z., Nazar, U., & Razzaq, H. S. A. (2020). The problem-based learning approach towards developing soft skills: A systematic review. Qualitative Report, 25(11), 4029–4054. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4114
Demirel, M., & Dağyar, M. (2016). Effects of Problem-Based Learning on Attitude: A Meta-analysis study. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 12(8), 2115–2137. https://doi.org/10.12973/EURASIA.2016.1293A
Dewey, J. (2004). Experience and education pendidikan berbasis pengalaman (terjemahan). Bandung. Teraju.
Dick, W., Carey, L., & Carey, J. O. (2001). The systematics design of instruction (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley Educational Publisher.
Djidu, H., & Jailani. (2017a). Model pembelajaran kalkulus SMA berbasis masalah. Yogyakarta: Parama Publishing.
Djidu, H., & Jailani, J. (2017b). Aktivitas pembelajaran matematika yang dapat melatih kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi siswa. In A. W. Kurniasih, B. E.
162

Susilo, & M. Kharis (Eds.), PRISMA, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Matematika X 2016 (Vol. 1, pp. 312–321). Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, UNNES.
Djidu, H., Jailani, J., & Retnawati, H. (2021). Higher-order thinking skills among male and female students: An experimental study of the problem-based calculus learning model in secondary schools. Beta: Jurnal Tadris Matematika, 14(2), 107–125. https://doi.org/10.20414/betajtm.v14i2.432
Dolapcioglu, S., & Doğanay, A. (2020). Development of critical thinking in mathematics classes via authentic learning: an action research. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2020.1819573
Dolmans, D. H. J. M., De Grave, W., Wolfhagen, I. H. A. P., & Van Der Vleuten, C. P. M. (2005). Problem-based learning: Future challenges for educational practice and research. Medical Education, 39(7), 732–741. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02205.x
Dorine, N. (2019). The Benefits of critical thinking skills and techniques for teaching these skills in the classroom for quality education. African Journal of Social Sciences, 10(3), 99–106.
Dwyer, C. P., Hogan, M. J., & Stewart, I. (2014). An integrated critical thinking framework for the 21st century. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 12, 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2013.12.004
English, L., & Sriraman, B. (2010). Theories of mathematics education. In B. Sriraman & L. English (Eds.), Theories of Mathematics Education. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642- 00742-2
Ennis, R. H. (1993). Critical thinking assessment. Theory Into Practice, 32(3), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405849309543594
Ertmer, P. A., & Simons, K. D. (2006). Jumping the PBL implementation hurdle: supporting the efforts of K–12 teachers. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 1(1), 40–54. https://doi.org/10.7771/1541- 5015.1005
Escolà-Gascón, Á., Dagnall, N., & Gallifa, J. (2021). Critical thinking predicts reductions in Spanish physicians’ stress levels and promotes fake news detection. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 42(August), 100934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100934
Estrada, A., & Batanero, C. (2019). Prospective primary school teachers’ attitudes towards probability and its teaching. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 15(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.29333/iejme/5941
163

Evans, C. (2020). Measuring student success skills: a review of the literature on critical thinking. In Center For Assessment. Dover, NH: National Center for the Improvement of Educational Assessment.
Febri, A., Sajidan, & Sarwanto. (2019). Analysis of students’ critical thinking skills at junior high school in science learning. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1397(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742- 6596/1397/1/012018
Fernando, S. Y., & Marikar, F. M. (2017). Constructivist teaching/learning theory and participatory teaching methods. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 6(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.5430/jct.v6n1p110
Gay, L. R. (1981). Educational research: competencies for analysis & application (2nd ed.). Columbus, OH: Merrill Publishing.
Geisinger, K. F. (2016). 21st century skills: What are they and how do we assess them? Applied Measurement in Education, 29(4), 245–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/08957347.2016.1209207
Ghedamsi, I., & Lecorre, T. (2021). Transition from high school to university calculus: a study of connection. ZDM - Mathematics Education, 53(3), 563– 575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-021-01262-1
Giddens, A. (1985). A contemporary critique of historical materialism. Vol. 2, The Nation-State and Violence (Vol. 2). Cambridge: Polity.
Gijbels, D., Dochy, F., Van Den Bossche, P., & Segers, M. (2005). Effects of problem-based learning: A meta-analysis from the angle of assessment. Review of Educational Research, 75(1), 27–61. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543075001027
González‐pérez, L. I., & Ramírez‐montoya, M. S. (2022). Components of education 4.0 in 21st century skills frameworks: systematic review. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(3), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031493
Grussendorf, J., & Rogol, N. C. (2018). Reflections on critical thinking: Lessons from a quasi-experimental study. Journal of Political Science Education, 14(2), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/15512169.2017.1381613
Gunawan, G., Harjono, A., Nisyah, M., Kusdiastuti, M., & Herayanti, L. (2020). Improving students’ problem-solving skills using inquiry learning model combined with advance organizer. International Journal of Instruction, 13(4), 427–442. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13427a
Güner, P., & Erbay, H. N. (2021). Prospective mathematics teachers’ thinking styles and problem-solving skills. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 40, 100827. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TSC.2021.100827
164

Hafid, A. (2013). Konsep dasar ilmu pendidikan. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Harahap, D. H., & Syarifah, R. (2015). Studi kasus kesulitan belajar matematika
pada remaja. Jurnal Psikologi, 11(1), 20–30.
Hasan, N. M., & Rahman, S. (2017). Problem solving skills, metacognitive awareness, and mathematics achievement: A mediation model. The New Educational Review. Torun University of Silesia, 49(3), 201–212.
Heard, J., Scoular, C., Duckworth, D., Ramalingam, D., & Teo, I. (2020). Critical thinking: Skill development framework. In The Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER). Camberwell.
Hung, W. (2019). Problem Design in PBL. In M. Moallem, W. Hung, & N. Dabbagh (Eds.), The Wiley Handbook of Problem‐Based Learning (pp. 249– 272). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119173243.CH11
Indiani, V., & Retnawati, H. (2017). Pendeketan saintifik berbasis masalah. Yogyakarta: Parama Publishing.
Jailani, J., Sugiman, S., & Apino, E. (2017). Implementing the problem-based learning in order to improve the students’ HOTS and characters. Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika, 4(2), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.21831/jrpm.v4i2.17674
Jasmaini, J., Festiyed, F., & Djamas, D. (2018). The development of PBL-based science module to improve students’ creative thinking skill in MTsN Subang Anak. Proceeding of International Conferences on Education, Social Sciences and Technology (ICESST) 2018, (1), 684–691. Padang. https://doi.org/10.29210/20181101
Jonassen, D. H. (2014). Handbook of research on educational communications and technology. In J. M. Spector, M. D. Merrill, J. Elen, & M. J. Bishop (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology: Fourth Edition. New York, NY: Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3185-5
Jose M Ocampo, J. (2018). Effecting change on students? Critical thinking in problem solving. Educare, 10(2), 109–118.
Kaiser, G., & Schwarz, B. (2006). Mathematical modelling as bridge between school and university. ZDM - International Journal on Mathematics Education, 38(2), 196–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02655889
Kanbay, Y., & Okanlı, A. (2017). The effect of critical thinking education on nursing students’ problem-solving skills. Contemporary Nurse, 53(3), 313– 321. https://doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2017.1339567
165

Karakoc, M. (2016). The significance of critical thinking ability in terms of education. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 6(7), 81– 84.
Karantzas, G. C., Avery, M. R., MacFarlane, S., Mussap, A., Tooley, G., Hazelwood, Z., & Fitness, J. (2013). Enhancing critical analysis and problem-solving skills in undergraduate psychology: An evaluation of a collaborative learning and problem-based learning approach. Australian Journal of Psychology, 65(1), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12009
Kereluik, K., Mishra, P., Fahnoe, C., & Terry, L. (2013). What knowledge is of most worth. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 29(4), 127– 140. https://doi.org/10.1080/21532974.2013.10784716
Khalid, L., Bucheerei, J., & Issah, M. (2021). Pre-service teachers’ perceptions of barriers to promoting critical thinking skills in the classroom. SAGE Open, 11(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211036094
Klein, S., Liu, O. L., & Sconing, J. (2009). Test Validity Study ( TVS ) report. In Education. NewYork, NY: Collegiate Learning Assessment.
Larsson, K. (2017). Understanding and teaching critical thinking—A new approach. International Journal of Educational Research, 84, 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2017.05.004
Ling, M. K. D., & Loh, S. C. (2020). Relationship of creativity and critical thinking to pattern recognition among Singapore private school students. Journal of Educational Research, 113(1), 59–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2020.1716203
Ling, M. K. D., & Loh, S. C. (2021). Relationships between cognitive pattern recognition and specific mathematical domains in mathematics education. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2021.1949059
Lithner, J. (2011). University mathematics students’ learning difficulties. Education Inquiry, 2(2), 289–303. https://doi.org/10.3402/edui.v2i2.21981
Liu, O. L., Frankel, L., & Roohr, K. C. (2014). Assessing critical thinking in higher education: current state and directions for next-generation assessment. ETS Research Report Series, Vol. 2014, pp. 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/ets2.12009
Lugosi, E., & Uribe, G. (2022). Active learning strategies with positive effects on students’ achievements in undergraduate mathematics education. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 53(2), 403–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2020.1773555
166

Majelis Luhur Persatuan Taman Siswa. (2013). Ki Hadjar Dewantara: Pemikiran, konsepsi, keteladanan, sikap merdeka (Bagian I: Pendidikan). Yogyakarta: UST-Press.
Mandasari, N. (2021). Problem-based learning model to improve mathematical reasoning ability. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1731(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1731/1/012041
Mansor, A. N., Abdullah, N. O., Wahab, J. A., Rasul, M. S., Nor, M. Y. M., Nor, N. M., & Raof, R. A. (2015). Managing problem-based learning: Challenges and solutions for educational practice. Asian Social Science, 11(4), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n4p259
McClure, L. (2013). Problem solving and the new curriculum.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: a
methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Muijs, D., & Reynold, D. (2018). Effective teaching: Evidence and practice. Los
Angeles, CA: Sage.
Mulyati, T. (2016). Kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa sekolah dasar. EduHumaniora: Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar Kampus Cibiru, 3(2), 546– 551. https://doi.org/10.17509/eh.v3i2.2807
Nair, S. S., Smritika, S. P., & Thomas, K. A. (2020). Revitalizing education through problem based learning practices. Shanlax International Journal of Education, 9(1), 109–117. https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v9i1.3436
Nawolska, B. (2021). Unusual word problems and the development of critical thinking in early school students. Edukacja Elementarna w Teorii i Praktyce, 16(3(61)), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.35765/eetp.2021.1661.03
NCTM (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics). (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics. Reston: Virginia.
Nieveen, N. (1999). Prototype to reach product quality. In J. Akker (Ed.), Design Approaches and Tools In Education and Training (pp. 125–136). Dordretch: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Nieveen, N., & Folmer, E. (2013). Formative evaluation in educational design research. In Tjeerd Plomp & N. Nieveen (Eds.), Educational Design Research: Part A: An introduction (pp. 152–169). Enschede, Netherland: Netherlands Institute for Curriculum Development (SLO).
Nitko, A. J., & Brookhart, S. M. (2014). Educational assessment of students: Pearson new international edition: In United States of America: British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data (6th ed.). Essex: Pearson.
Nurfatanah, N., Rusmono, R., & Nurjanah, N. (2018). Kemampuan pemecahan 167

masalah matematika siswa sekolah dasar . Prosiding Seminar Dan Diskusi Nasional Pendidikan Dasar “Menyongsong Transformasi Pendidikan Abad 21” . Universitas Negeri Jakarta.
Octavia, S. (2020). Model-model pembelajaran. Yogyakarta: Deepublish Publisher.
Olaniyan, A. O., & Omosewo, E. O. (2015). Effects of a target-task problem- solving model on senior secondary school students’ performance in physics. Science Education International, 25(4), 522–538.
Olivares, D., Lupiáñez, J. L., & Segovia, I. (2021). Roles and characteristics of problem solving in the mathematics curriculum: a review. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 52(7), 1079– 1096. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2020.1738579
Osman, S., Che Yang, C. N. A., Abu, M. S., Ismail, N., Jambari, H., & Kumar, J. A. (2018). Enhancing students’ mathematical problem-solving skills through bar model visualisation technique. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 13(3), 273–279. https://doi.org/10.12973/iejme/3919
Özreçberoğlu, N., & Çağanağa, Ç. K. (2018). Making it count: Strategies for improving problem-solving skills in mathematics for students and teachers’ classroom management. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(4), 1253–1261. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/82536
Pill, S., & SueSee, B. (2017). Including critical thinking and problem solving in physical education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 88(9), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2017.1367741
Plomp, Tjerd. (2013). Educational design research: An introduction. In Tjerd Plomp & N. Nieveen (Eds.), Educational Design Research (pp. 10–51). Enschede: National Institute for Curriculum Development.
Pokhrel, T. (2018). Activity based mathematics instruction: Experiences in addressing the 21st-century skills. Journal of Mathematics Education, 11(1), 46–61. https://doi.org/10.26711/007577152790020
Polya, G. (1987). Mathematical discovery: on understanding, learning, & teaching problem solving. New York: John Wiley & Son, Inc.
Purnamasari, I., & Setiawan, W. (2019). Analisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa SMP pada materi SPLDV ditinjau dari kemampuan awal matematika. Journal of Medives : Journal of Mathematics Education IKIP Veteran Semarang, 3(2), 207. https://doi.org/10.31331/medivesveteran.v3i2.771
168

Purwasih, R., Hendriana, H., Triawan, E., Prasetio, Y., & Trisatria. (2018). Analysis of student problem solving skill and activity concentration on a senior high school. Al-Jabar : Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 9(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.24042/ajpm.v9i1.2068
Puspitawedana, D., & Jailani. (2017). Model problem based learning untuk meningkatkan HOTS (H. Djidu, Ed.). Yogyakarta: Parama Publishing.
Ragilia, N., Ambarita, A., & Rusminto, N. E. (2018). Development of problem based learning model learner worksheet to improve critical thinking ability. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME), 8(1), 65– 72. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-0801046572
Rahman, S., & Hassan, N. (2017). Problem solving skills, metacognitive awareness, and mathematics achievement: A mediation model. The New Educational Review, 49(3), 201–212. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.2017.49.3.16
Redhana, I. W. (2013). Model pembelajaran berbasis masalah untuk peningkatan keterampilan pemecahan masalah dan berpikir kritis. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pengajaran, 46(1), 76–86.
Retnawati, H. (2016). Analisis kuantitatif instrumen penelitian: Panduan penelitian, mahasiswa, dan psikometrian. Yogyakarta: Parama Publishing.
Retnawati, H., Apino, E., Djidu, H., Ningrum, W. P., Anazifa, R. D., & Kartianom, K. (2019). Scaffolding for international students in statistics lecture. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1320, 012078. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1320/1/012078
Richey, R. C., & Klein, J. D. (2007). Design and development research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Rohman, A. (2011). Memahami pendidikan dan ilmu pendidikan. Yogyakarta: LaksBang Mediatama.
Roohr, K. C., & Burkander, K. (2020). Exploring critical thinking as an outcome for students enrolled in community colleges. Community College Review, 48(3), 330–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091552120923402
Rosydiana, A.-. (2017). Analisis kemampuan siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal cerita berdasarkan langkah pemecahan masalah Polya. Mathematics Education Journal, 1(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.22219/mej.v1i1.4550
Schoenfeld, A. H. (2016). Learning to think mathematically: Problem solving, metacognition, and sense making in mathematics (Reprint). Journal of Education, 196(2), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/002205741619600202
Selman, Y. F., & Jaedun, A. (2020). Evaluation of the implementation of 4C skills 169

in indonesian subject at senior high schools. Indonesian of Educational Journal Undiksha, 9(2), 244–257. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpi- undiksha.v9i2.23459
Setiawan, E., Muhammad, G. M., & ... (2021). Analisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah mahasiswa pada mata kuliah teori bilangan. Mosharafa: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 10, 61–72.
Slavin, R. E. (2000). Educational psychology, theory and practice (4th ed.). Masschusets, MA: Allyn & Bacon Publisher.
Soebari, T., & Aldridge, J. M. (2016). Investigating the differential effectiveness of a teacher professional development programme for rural and urban classrooms in Indonesia. Teacher Development, 20(5), 701–722. https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2016.1185031
Soedjadi. (2000). Kiat pendidikan matematika di Indonesia. Jakarta: Depdikbud. Subanar, S. (2013). Statistika matematika: Probabilitas, distribusi, dan asimtotis
dalam statistik. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Suciono, W., Rasto, R., & Ahman, E. (2021). Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa dalam pembelajaran ekonomi era revolusi 4.0. SOCIA: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, 17(1), 48–56. https://doi.org/10.21831/socia.v17i1.32254
Suparman, Juandi, D., & Tamur, M. (2021). Review of problem-based learning trends in 2010-2020: A meta-analysis study of the effect of problem-based learning in enhancing mathematical problem-solving skills of Indonesian students. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1722(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1722/1/012103
Szabo, Z. K., Körtesi, P., Guncaga, J., Szabo, D., & Neag, R. (2020). Examples of problem-solving strategies in mathematics education supporting the sustainability of 21st-century skills. Sustainability, 12(23), 10113. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310113
Tambunan, H. (2019). The Effectiveness of the problem solving strategy and the scientific approach to students’ mathematical capabilities in high order thinking skills. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 14(2), 293–302. https://doi.org/10.29333/iejme/5715
Tanujaya, B., Prahmana, R. C. I., & Mumu, J. (2018). Designing learning activities on conditional probability. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1088. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1088/1/012087
Thiagarajan, S., Semmel, D. S., & Semmel, M. I. (1974). Instructional development for training teacher of exceptional children. Minneapolis, MN: Central for Innovation for Teaching the Handicaped.
170

Treffers, A. (1987). Three dimensions: A model of goal and theory description in mathematics education. Nederlands: Reidel.
Trianto. (2011). Model pembelajaran inovatif dan implementasinya pada sekolah menengah atas. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group.
Tuzlukova, V., & Usha-Prabhukanth, K. (2018). Critical thinking and problem solving skills: English for science foundation program students’ perspectives. Collection of Papers of The Faculty of Philosophy XLVIII, 48(3), 37–60. https://doi.org/10.5937/zrffp48-18664
Ukobizaba, F., Nizeyimana, G., & Mukuka, A. (2021). Assessment strategies for enhancing students’ mathematical problem-solving skills: A review of literature. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 17(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/9728
Ulya, H. (2016). Profil kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa bermotivasi belajar tinggi berdasarkan ideal problem solving. Jurnal Konseling Gusjigang PGSD Universitas Muria Kudus, 2(1), 90–96.
Van den Eynde, S., Deprez, J., Goedhart, M., & De Cock, M. (2021). Undergraduate students’ difficulties with boundary conditions for the diffusion equation. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2020.1869846
Verschaffel, L., Schukajlow, S., Star, J., & Van Dooren, W. (2020). Word problems in mathematics education: a survey. ZDM - Mathematics Education, 52(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-020-01130-4
Von Glasersfeld, E. (1987). The construction of knowledge: Contributions to conceptual semantics. Seaside, CA: Intersystems Publications.
Walker, A. E., Leary, H., Hmelo-Silver, C. E., & Ertmer, P. A. (2015). Essential readings in problem based learning. Indiana: Purdue University Press.
Wechsler, S. M., Saiz, C., Rivas, S. F., Vendramini, C. M. M., Almeida, L. S., Mundim, M. C., & Franco, A. (2018). Creative and critical thinking: Independent or overlapping components? Thinking Skills and Creativity, 27(January 2017), 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2017.12.003
Wicaksono, A. G. C., & Korom, E. (2022). Review of problem-solving measurement: An assessment developed in the indonesian context. Participatory Educational Research, 9(1), 116–136. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.22.7.9.1
Widodo, S. A., Darhim, D., & Ikhwanudin, T. (2018). Improving mathematical problem solving skills through visual media. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 948(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/948/1/012004
171

Willingham, D. T. (2019). How to teach critical thinking. Education: Future Frontiers.
Yarmayani, A. (2016). Analisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa kelas XI MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Kota Jambi. Jurnal Ilmiah Dikdaya, 6(2), 12– 19.
Yew, E. H. J., & Goh, K. (2016). Problem-Based Learning: An Overview of its process and impact on learning. Health Professions Education, 2(2), 75–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpe.2016.01.004
Yoon, J., Hur, E. J., & Kim, M. (2020). An analysis of the factors on the problem- solving competencies of engineering employees in Korea. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(4), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041677
Yuliani, K., & Suragih, S. (2015). Improving learning activity and students’ problem solving skill through Problem Based Learning (PBL) in Junior High School. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(24), 116–128.
citation:   Susanti, Mathilda and Suyanto, Suyanto  (2022) Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis dan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Mahasiswa.  S3 thesis, Program Pascasarjana.   
document_url: http://eprints.uny.ac.id/74628/1/disertasi-mathilda%20susanti-13703261032.pdf