eprintid: 74156
rev_number: 10
eprint_status: archive
userid: 1290
dir: disk0/00/07/41/56
datestamp: 2022-09-05 02:22:54
lastmod: 2022-11-01 05:20:27
status_changed: 2022-09-05 02:22:54
type: thesis
metadata_visibility: show
creators_name: Fadli, Failasuf
creators_name: Budiningsih, Asri
title: Model Pembelajaran Mandiri Online PEVAR Siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas di Kota Pekalongan.
ispublished: pub
subjects: D0
subjects: D2
divisions: pps_ip
full_text_status: public
keywords: model belajar, belajar mandiri, belajar online, online PEVAR
abstract: Pembelajaran abad 21 memiliki ciri era distruptif, sehingga untuk mencapai tujuan pendidikan semakin sulit, oleh karena itu, perlu adanya pengembangan model belajar yang dapat memberikan solusi dalam belajar. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan model pembelajaran mandiri online Persiapan- Eksplorasi- Verifikasi- Analisis-Refleksi (PEVAR) yang (1) layak, (2) praktis, dan (3) efektif untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa SMA.
Penelitian ini adalah research and development yang diadopsi dari Borg, Gall dan Gall. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas XI SMA N 1, SMA N 2, SMA N 3, SMA N 4, dan MAN 1 di kota Pekalongan. Data penelitian berupa data kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Data analisis pendahuluan dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dan pengamatan; data kelayakan model belajar dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan skala kelayakan model belajar dari validasi ahli; data kepraktisan model pembelajaran dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan lembar obsevasi dan angket; dan data keefektifan model pembelajaran dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan tes. Analisis data menggunakan uji sampel t-tes paired dan uji sampel independen t- tes dengan uji prasyarat uji normalitas dan uji homogenitas.
Kesimpulan penelitian adalah sebagai berikut. (1) Model pembelajaran mandiri online PEVAR layak digunakan untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa SMA berdasarkan hasil validasi ahli model pembelajaran, ahli Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi, dan ahli materi. (2) Model pembelajaran mandiri online PEVAR praktis digunakan untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa SMA berdasarkan hasil observasi keterlaksanaan dan angket pelaksanaan model pembelajaran, baik dari guru maupun siswa. (3) Model pembelajaran mandiri online PEVAR efektif digunakan untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa SMA. Berdasarkan hasil uji t tes, baik paired maupun independen, terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara hasil belajar siswayang menggunakan model pembelajaran mandiri online PEVAR dengan hasil belajar siswa yang menggunakan model pembelajaran mandiri konvensional. Nilai signifikansi uji t- tes pada uji coba terbatas adalah 0,001; lapangan utama 0,000; dan lapangan operasional 0,025. Hasil ketiga nilai tersebut lebih kecil dari 0,05, sehingga dapat dinyatakan bahwa model pembelajaran mandiri online PEVAR berpengaruh terhadap prestasi belajar siswa SMA.
date: 2022-06-29
date_type: published
institution: Program Pascasarjana
department: Ilmu Pendidikan
thesis_type: disertasi
referencetext: Adila, K., & Harisah, Y. (2020). Persepsi Siswa Kelas x MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Bojong Terhadap Pembelajaran Online pada Pelajaran Matematika. Seminar Nasional Pendidikan Matematika, 401–406.
Afghani, D. R., & Sutama. (2021). Kreativitas Pembelajaran Daring Untuk Pelajar Sekolah Menengah Dalam Pandemi Covid-19. Journal of Informatics and Vocational Education, 3(3), 70–75. https://doi.org/10.20961/joive.v3i3.43057
Ahdhianto, E., Marsigit, Haryanto, & Santi, N. N. (2020). The effect of metacognitive-based contextual learning model on fifth-grade students’ problem-solving and mathematical communication skills. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(2), 753–764. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu- jer.9.2.753
Alhumaid, K. (2019). Four Ways Technology Has Negatively Changed Education. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 9(4), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.2478/jesr-2019-0049
Alqurashi, E. (2016). Self-Efficacy In Online Learning Environments: A Literature Review. Contemporary Issues in Education Research, 9(1).
Alsaif, S., Li, A. S., Soh, B., & Alraddady, S. (2019). The efficacy of Facebook in teaching and learning: Studied via content analysis of web log data. Procedia Computer Science, 161, 493–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.149
Ambarwati, W., & Budiningsih, C. A. (2018). The Effectiveness of Video and Random Cars in the Skills of experience-Based Story Composition among the Elementary School Students. Jurnal Prima Edukasia, 6(2), 177–188.
Aminudin, M. (2017). Efektivitas Model Pembelajaran Tps (Think Pair Share) Dan Nested Berbantuan Kartu Soal Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Materi Statistika Siswa Sma N 2 Pekalongan. Aksioma, 6(2), 28. https://doi.org/10.26877/aks.v6i2.1400
Anderson, L, W., Krathwohl, D. ., Airasian, P. ., Cruickshank, K. ., Mayer, R. ., & Pintrich, P. (2001). A Taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonmy objective. New York: Longman.
Babayigit, O. (2019). Examining the effect of creative writing activities on reading, writing and language lesson attitudes of elementary school fourth grade students. European Journal of Educational Research, 8(1), 213–220. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.8.1.213
Bada, S. O. (2015). The psychogenisis of knowledge and its epistemological significance. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR- JRME), 5(6), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-05616670
Balan, S., Katenga, J. E., & Simon, A. (2019). “Reading Habits and their Influence on Academic Achievement among Students at Asia Pacific International University, Thailand.” Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference, 7(1), 1469–1495. https://doi.org/10.35974/isc.v7i1.928
Bandura, A. (1999). Self-efficacy in changing societies. Cambridge University Press.
235
Bandura, Albert. (1997). Self-efficacy in Changing Societies. In 2017 12th International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies, EVER 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2017.7935960
Barton, G., & Garvis, S. (2019). Compassion and Empathy in Educational Contexts. Compassion and Empathy in Educational Contexts, 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18925-9
Berdzenishvili, A., & Ketsbaia, K. (2019). Radical Humanist Paradigm and the Problem of the Crisis of Education. American International Journal of Social Science, 8(1), 53–55. https://doi.org/10.30845/aijss.v8n1p8
Bloom, B. S. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. New York: Longman.
Bloom, M. (2013). Self-regulated learning: Goal setting and self-monitoring. The Language Teacher, 37(4), 46. https://doi.org/10.37546/jalttlt37.4-6
Bonk, C. J., & Lee, M. M. (2017). Motivations, Achievements, and Challenges of Self-Directed Informal Learners in Open Educational Environments and MOOCs. Journal of Learning for Development, 4(1), 36–57.
Borg, W. ., & Gall, M. . (1983). Educational Research: An Introduction. New York: Longman.
Brockett, R. G., & Hiemstra, R. (1991). Self-direction in adult learning: Perspectives on theory, research, and practice. New York: Routledge.
Brünner, I. (2013). Using Language Learning Resources on Youtube. International Conference for Language Teaching, 1(5), 1–5. Retrieved from https://conference.pixel-online.net
Budi Santoso, T. N., Siswandari, S., & Sawiji, H. (2018). The Effectiveness of eBook versus Printed Books in the Rural Schools in Indonesia at the Modern Learning Era. International Journal of Educational Research Review, 3(4), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.24331/ijere.453512
Bušljeta, R. (2013). Effective Use of Teaching and Learning Resources. Czech- Polish Historical and Pedagogical Journal, 5(2), 55–69. https://doi.org/10.2478/cphpj-2013-0014
Bustami, Y., Syafruddin, D., & Afriani, R. (2018). The implementation of contextual learning to enhance biology students’ critical thinking skills. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 7(4), 451–457. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v7i4.11721
Camilleri, M. A., & Camilleri, A. C. (2017). Digital Learning Resources and Ubiquitous Technologies in Education. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 22(1), 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-016-9287-7
Capacho, J. (2018). Validation of Learning Theories in Their Relationship With. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 19(2), 166–188.
Carmichael, M., Reid, A.-K., Karpicke, J. D., & Bradley, J. V. (2018). Assessing the Impact of Educational Video on Student Engagement, Critical Thinking and Learning: The Current State of Play. Retrieved from https://us.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/hevideolearning.pdf
Chang, B. (2019). Reflection in learning. Online Learning Journal, 23(1), 95– 110. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v23i1.1447
Chen, P., & Schmidtke, C. (2017). Humanistic elements in the educational
236

practice at a United States sub-baccalaureate technical college. International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training, 4(2), 117–145. https://doi.org/10.13152/IJRVET.4.2.2
Cheok, M. L., & Wong, S. L. (2015). Predictors of E-learning satisfaction in teaching and learning for school teachers: A literature review. International Journal of Instruction, 8(1), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2015.816a
Chintalapati, N., & Daruri, V. S. K. (2017). Examining the use of YouTube as a Learning Resource in higher education: Scale development and validation of TAM model. Telematics and Informatics, 34(6), 853–860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.08.008
Combes, B. P. Y. (2001). The Early Years Revolution - Learning to know, to do, to be, to live together and to transform society begins at birth. (1996). Retrieved from http://www.waece.org/biblioteca/pdfs/d197.pdf
Cunningham, I. (2021). Self Managed Learning and the New Educational Paradigm. In Self Managed Learning and the New Educational Paradigm. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429269066
Curtis, D. D., & Lawson, M. J. (2001). Exploring collaborative online learning. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Network, 5(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v5i1.1885
Daniel, J. (2001). Learning to live together: A priority challenge at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Prospects, 31(3), 263–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03220069
Dawood, S., Mammona, Fahmeeda, & Ahmed, A. (2015). Learning Organization Conceptual and Theoretical Overview. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education, 2(4), 93–98. Retrieved from https://www.toolshero.com/management/five-disciplines-learning- organizations/
Deardorff, D. K. (2020). (Re) learning to live together in 2020. Journal of International Students, 10(4), xv–xviii. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i4.3169
DeCarvalho, R. J. (1991). The Humanistic Paradigm in Education. The Humanistic Psychologist, 19(1), 88–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873267.1991.9986754
Delors, J. (2013). The treasure within: Learning to know, learning to do, learning to live together and learning to be. What is the value of that treasure 15 years after its publication? International Review of Education, 59(3), 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-013-9350-8
Dewantara, K. H. (2011). Karya Bagian I: Pendidikan. Yogyakarta: MLPTS. Di Fatta, J., Garcia, S., & Gorman, S. (2009). Increasing Student Learning in Mathematics with the Use of Collaborative Teaching Strategies. Online
Submission, (PG-1-66), 1–66. Retrieved from
https://search.proquest.com/docview/61879013?accountid=14468 NS - Diva, A. S., Chairunnisa, A. A., & Mufidah, T. H. (2021). Pembelajaran Daring di
Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Andi. Current Research in Education: Series
Journal, 01(01), 1–10.
Donnelly, J., Hillman, C., Castelli, D., Etnier, J., Lee, S., Tomporowski, P., ...
237

Szabo-Reed, A. (2016). Physical Activity, Fitness, Cognitive Function, and Academic Achievement in Children: A Systematic Review. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(6), 1223–1224.
Drowns, B., Robert, L., Hurley, Marlene, M., Wilkinson, & Barbara. (2004). The Effects of School-Based Writing-to-Learn Interventions on Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis Review of Educational Research. Educational Research, 74, 29–58.
Duncan, D. G., & Barczyk, C. C. (2016). Facebook’s Effect on Learning in Higher Education: An Empirical Investigation. Information Systems Education Journal (ISEDJ), 14(May), 14–28.
Ebel, R. L. (1979). Essentials of educational measurement (3rd ed). New Jerseey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Edward L. Thorndike. (1911). Animal Intellegence Experience Studies. Macmillan.
Embong, A. M., Noor, A. M., Hashim, H. M., Ali, R. M., & Shaari, Z. H. (2012). E-Books as Textbooks in the Classroom. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 1802–1809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.903
Eom, S. (2019). The effects of student motivation and self-regulated learning strategies on students’ perceived e-learning outcomes and satisfaction. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 19(7), 29–42.
Erenchinova, E., & Proudchenko, E. (2017). Advantages of WEB resources use in learning process. 97(Cildiah), 103–108. https://doi.org/10.2991/cildiah- 17.2017.18
Fadli, F., Astuti, S. I. D., & Rukiyati, R. (2020). Techno-resilience for teachers: Concepts and action. TEM Journal, 9(2), 820–825. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM92-53
Fatkhulloh, S., & Haryanto. (2020). Can blended learning replace conventional learning in terms of mastery learning and cognitive attainment. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1511(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742- 6596/1511/1/012025
Fernando, S. Y., & Marikar, F. M. (2017). Constructivist Teaching/Learning Theory and Participatory Teaching Methods. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 6(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.5430/jct.v6n1p110
Ferryansyah, Widyawati, E., & Rahayu, S. W. (2018). The analysis of students’ difficulty in learning linear algebra. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1028(1), 0–6. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1028/1/012152
Firdaus, F. A., & Mariyat, A. (2017). Humanistic Approach In Education According To Paulo Freire. At-Ta’dib, 12(2), 25. https://doi.org/10.21111/at- tadib.v12i2.1264
Fischer, G., & Scharff, E. (1998). Learning Technologies in Support of Self- Directed Learning. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 98(4).
Fitriani, W., Haryanto, H., & Atmojo, S. E. (2020). Motivasi Berprestasi dan Kemandirian Belajar Mahasiswa saat Pembelajaran Daring. Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, Dan Pengembangan, 5(6), 828. https://doi.org/10.17977/jptpp.v5i6.13639
Florentina, A. O., Luminita, S. M., & Maria, M. A. (2021). Stimulating strategies
238

of self-regulated learning for high-school students with learning difficulties. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 19, 684–707. Retrieved from https://techniumscience.com/index.php/socialsciences/article/view/332/124
Francis, J. (2017). The Effects Of Technology On Student Motivation And Engagement In Classroom-Based Learning Preferred Citation. University Of New England.
Freire, P. (2005). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc.
Fuad, N. M., Zubaidah, S., Mahanal, S., & Suarsini, E. (2017). Improving junior high schools’ critical thinking skills based on test three different models of learning. International Journal of Instruction, 10(1), 101–116. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2017.1017a
Gall, M. D., Gall, J. P., & Borg, W. R. (2003). Educational Research: An Introduction. In Pearson Educatioan. Inc (Vol. 7). https://doi.org/10.2307/3121583
Gebremeskel, G. B., Kebede, A. A., & Chai, Y. (2016). The Paradigm Role of ICT for Behavioral and Educational Psychology: The Case of Developing Countries. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 6(4), 301–307. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijiet.2016.v6.704
Gentry, C. (1991). Educational Technology: A Question Of Meaning. Englewood: Libraries Inc.
Ghavifekr, S., & Wan Rosdy, W. A. (2015). Teaching and learning with technology: Effectiveness of ICT integration in schools. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 1(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.21890/ijres.23596
Gibbons, M. (2003). The Self-Directed Learning Handbook: Challenging Adolescent Students to Excel. 208.
Ginnings, D. L., & Ponton, M. K. (2017). The Use of a Self-Efficacy in Autonomous Learning Treatment in an Online Doctoral Statistics Course: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Self-Directed Learning, 14(1).
Goleman, D. (2000). Emotional Intelligence: Why EQ Is More Important Than IQ. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Griffith, B. D., & Tyner, A. (2019). Discipline Reform through the Eyes of Teachers. America: Thomas B. Fordham Institute.
Gunduz, N., & Hursen, C. (2015). Constructivism in Teaching and Learning; Content Analysis Evaluation. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191(392), 526–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.640
Gutman, L., & Schoon, I. (2013). The Impact of non-cognitive skills on outcomes for young people. Education Endowment Foundation, 59.
Handarini, O. I., & Wulandari, S. S. (2020). Pembelajaran Daring Sebagai Upaya Study From Home (SFH) Selama Pandemi Covid 19. Jurnal Pendidikan Administrasi Perkantoran (JPAP), 8(3), 496–503.
Handayani, L. (2020). Keuntungan , Kendala dan Solusi Pembelajaran Online Selama Pandemi Covid-19 : Studi Ekploratif di SMPN 3 Bae Kudus Lina Handayani. Journal Industrial Engineering & Management Research, 1(2), 15–23.
239

Harrow, A. J. (1972). A Taxonomy of the Psychomotor Domain: A Guide for Developing Behavioral Objectives. New York: David McKay Co.
Hartikainen, S., Rintala, H., Pylväs, L., & Nokelainen, P. (2019). The concept of active learning and the measurement of learning outcomes: A review of research in engineering higher education. Education Sciences, 9(4), 9–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci9040276
Haryanto, H., Ghufron, A., Suyantiningsih, & Kumala, F. N. (2022). The correlation between digital literacy and parents’ roles towards elementary school students’ critical thinking. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 17(3), 659–668.
Hasfira, M. M. (2021). Peran Guru Dalam memotivasi Siswa Pada Masa Pandemi. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Konseling, 3(1), 80–84. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31004/jpdk.v3i1.1430
Hazel, L., & Papert, S. (1991). Constructionism. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Hediansah, D., & Surjono, H. D. (2019). Building Motivation and Improving Learning Outcomes with Android-based physics books: Education 4.0. Anatolian Journal of Education, 4(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.29333/aje.2019.421a
Heinich, R., Molenda, M., & Russell, J. . (1993). Instructional Media and The New Technologies Of Instruction (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Helyer, R. (2015). Learning through reflection: the critical role of reflection in work-based learning (WBL). Journal of Work-Applied Management, 7(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/jwam-10-2015-003
Hidayatullah, Z., Wilujeng, I., Nurhasanah, N., Gusemanto, T. G., & Makhrus, M. (2021). Synthesis of the 21st Century Skills (4C) Based Physics Education Research In Indonesia. JIPF (Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Fisika), 6(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.26737/jipf.v6i1.1889
Huang, R. T., & Yu, C. L. (2019). Exploring the impact of self-management of learning and personal learning initiative on mobile language learning: A moderated mediation model. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 35(3), 118–131. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.4188
Huber, G. L., & Huber, A. A. (2008). Structuring Group Interaction to Promote Thinking and Learning During Small Group Learning in High School Settings. In The Teacher’s Role in Implementing Cooperative Learning in the Classroom (pp. 110–131). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70892-8_6
Hubert, M., & Van Driessen, K. (2004). Fast and robust discriminant analysis. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 45(2), 301–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9473(02)00299-2
İncirci, A., & Şükrü Parmaksiz, R. (2016). The Effects of Writing to Learn (WTL) on Academic Achievement and Attitude to Lesson in English Classes. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(9), 2163–2173. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2016.040928
Izci, K. (2016). Internal and External Factors Affecting Teachers’ Adoption of Formative Assessment to Support Learning. Tojet - The Turkish Online
240

Journal of Educational Technology, 10(8), 2541–2548.
Jain, N. K. (2018). Social Reconstruction and its Application to Teaching.
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and
Technology, 4(7), 608–620. Retrieved from www.ijsrset.com Januszweski, A., & Molanda, M. (2008). Educational Technology A Definition
With Comentary. New York: Lawrence Erlbaunm Associaties.
Jilin, L. (2018). Constructing a Paradigm for Children’s Contextualized Learning.
In Educational Science Publishing House. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-
662-55612-2
Jin, X., Qiang, J., Weiyan, X., Pan, X., & Zhao, W. (2022). Using the Online Self-
Directed Learning Environment to Promote Creativity Performance for
University Students. Educational Technology & Society, 25(2), 130–147. Karatas, K., & Arpaci, I. (2021). The role of self-directed learning, metacognition,
and 21st century skills predicting the readiness for online learning. Contemporary Educational Technology, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/10786
Kemp, K., Baxa, D., & Cortes, C. (2022). Exploration of a Collaborative Self- Directed Learning Model in Medical Education. Medical Science Educator, 32(1), 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-021-01493-7
Khalid, M., Bashir, S., & Amin, H. (2020). Relationship between self-directed learning (SDL) and academic achievement of university students: A case of online distance learning and traditional universities. Bulletin of Education and Research, 42(2), 131–148. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/relationship-between-self- directed- learning-sdl/docview/2472157102/se-2?accountid=190474
Kitano, M. K., & Lewis, R. B. (2007). Examining the relationships between reading achievement and tutoring duration and content for gifted culturally and linguistically diverse students from low-income backgrounds. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 30(3), 295–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/016235320703000302
Knowles, M. S. (1975). Self Directed Learning A Guide for Learniers and Teachers. Chicago: Association Press Follet Publishing Company.
Kohan, N., Arabshani, kamran S., Mojtahedzadeh, R., Abbaszadeh, A., Rahksani, T., & Emami, A. (2017). Self-directed learning barriers in a virtual environment: a qualitative study. J Adv Med Educ Prof, 5(3), 116–123.
Komarudin, & Prabowo, M. (2020). Persepsi Siswa Terhadap Pembelajaran Daring Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani Olahraga Dan Kesehatan Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19. Majalah Ilmiah Olahraga (MAJORA), 26(2), 56– 66.
Krathwohl, D. R., Bloom, B. S., & Masia, B. B. . (1964). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook 2 Affective Domain. Michigan: David Mc Kay Company Inc.
Kreber, C. (1998). The Relationships between Self-directed Learning, Critical Thinking, and Psychological Type, and some Implications for Teaching in Higher Education. Studies in Higher Education, 23(1), 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079812331380502
241

Kupers, E., Lehmann-Wermser, A., McPherson, G., & van Geert, P. (2019). Children’s Creativity: A Theoretical Framework and Systematic Review. In Review of Educational Research (Vol. 89). https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654318815707
Lane, D., & Oswald, F. L. (2016). Revisiting a Central Conclusion of Academically Adrift. 35(3), 23–25.
Le, H., Janssen, J., & Wubbels, T. (2018). Collaborative learning practices: teacher and student perceived obstacles to effective student collaboration. Cambridge Journal of Education, 48(1), 103–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2016.1259389
Lebeničnik, M., Pitt, I., & Starčič, A. I. (2015). Use of online learning resources in the development of learning environments at the intersection of formal and informal learning: The student as autonomous designer. CEPS Journal, 5(2), 95–113.
Lestari, A. C., & Annizar, A. M. (2020). Proses Berpikir Kritis Siswa dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah PISA Ditinjau dari Kemampuan Berpikir Komputasi. Jurnal Kiprah, 8(1), 46–55. https://doi.org/10.31629/kiprah.v8i1.2063
Levin-Goldberg, J. (2012). Teaching Generation TechX with the 4Cs: Using Technology to Integrate 21st Century Skills. Journal of Instructional Research, 1, 59–66. https://doi.org/10.9743/jir.2013.8
Lin, M. H., Chen, H. C., & Liu, K. S. (2017). A study of the effects of digital learning on learning motivation and learning outcome. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(7), 3553–3564. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.00744a
Lizzio, A., & Wilson, K. (2005). Self-managed learning groups in higher education: Students’ perceptions of process and outcomes. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 75(3), 373–390. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709905X25355
Lorin W. Anderson and David R. Krathwohl. (2001). A taxonomy for learning teaching and assessing_ a revision of Bloom`s taxonomy of educational objetives-Longman. In Book1.
Losee, J. (2019). The Golden Age of Philosophy of Science 1945 to 2000 Logical Reconstruction, Descriptivism, Normative Naturalism and Foundationalism. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
Lubis, A. H., & Wangid, M. N. (2019). The Analysis of Students’ Discipline Character in Mathematics Learning. 326(Iccie 2018), 118–123. https://doi.org/10.2991/iccie-18.2019.21
Mangrum, C. . (1993). The Effects Of Listening Skills Instruction on Students’ Academic Performance (Univrsity Of North Texas). Retrieved from https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278110/m2/1/high_res_d/10 02721952-mangrum.pdf
Marciniak, A. (2015). Effective ways of dealing with discipline problems when teaching adolescent learners. World Scientific News, 7, 53–72.
Mardapi, D. (2008). Teknik Penyusunan Instrumen Tes dan Nontes. Yogyakarta: Mitra Cendekia Press.
242

Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
Mayer, R. . (1982). Encyclopedia of Educational Research. New York: The Free Press.
McNeely, C., & Blanchard, J. (2009). A guide to Healthy Adolescent and Development. Retrieved from https://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and- institutes/center-for-adolescent-health/_docs/TTYE-Guide.pdf
Merril, David, & Robert, T. (1997). Teaching Concepts: An Instructional Design Guide. New Jersey: Educational Technology Publications.
Miller, M. D., Linn, R. L., & Norman, E. G. (2009). Measurement and Assessment in Teaching (Tenth Edition). New York: Published Pearson.
Mocker, D. W., & Spear, G. E. (1983). Lifelong Learning: Formal, Nonformal, Informal, and Self-Directed. Adult Education, 33(4), 260–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001848183033004009
Momanyi Omare, J. (2020). Effect of Self-Evaluation Learning Strategy on Academic Performance in English Language among Students in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya. American Journal of Educational Research, 8(11), 822–827. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-8-11-2
Moradi, K. (2013). The Impact of Listening Strategy Instruction on Academic Lecture Comprehension: A Case of Iranian EFL Learners. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 70, 406–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.078
Morrison, Gary, R., Ross, S., & Kemp, J. (2007). Designing Effective Instruction (5th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Son, Inc.
Mosier, R. D. (1952). Progressivism in Education. Peabody Journal of Education, 29(5), 274–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/01619565209536351
Nan-Zhao, Z. (2004). Four ‘Pillars of Learning’ for the Reorientation and Reorganization of Curriculum: Reflections and Discussions. 9. Retrieved from www.ibe.unesco.org/cops/Competencies/PillarsLearningZhou.pdf
Navisah, Surjono, H. D., & Mukminan. (2020). Teacher and Student Perspective of Animation-Based Instructional Videos to Increase Student Learning Motivation in English Writing Skill. 440(Icobl 2019), 190–193. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200521.042
Navrátilová, H., & Puhrová, B. P. (2018). From the Theory of Play into the Practice in Kindergarten: Verification of the Original Didactic Toys for Preschool Children. Acta Educationis Generalis, 7(3), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1515/atd-2017-0022
Neef, K. D. (2003). The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self- Compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
Neff, K. D., Hsieh, Y.-P., & Dejitterat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, Achievement Goals, and Coping with Academic Failure. Self and Identity, 4(3), 263–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500444000317
Newhouse, C. P., Lane, J., & Brown, C. (2007). Relecting on Teaching Practices Using Digital Video Representation in Teacher Education. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 32(3).
243

https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2007v32n3.5
Ni’mah, ‘Umdatun, & Setyawan, D. A. (2021). ONLINE LEARNING :
ANALISIS FAKTOR PENURUNAN DISIPLIN PESERTA DIDIK SELAMA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 ‘ Umdatun Ni ’ mah Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus David Ari Setyawan Corona Virus Disease 2019 atau yang biasa disebut dengan Covid-19 telah menjadi pandemi. Jurnal Paedagogia, 10(1), 33–48. Retrieved from http://jurnalpaedagogia.com/index.php/pdg/article/view/134/65
Ning, W., & Kumalaretna, D. (2017). Kemampuan Komunikasi Matematis Ditinjau dari Karakter Kolaborasi dalam Pembelajaran Project Based Learning (Pjbl). Unnes Journal of Mathematics Education Research, 6(2), 195–205.
Ningrum, R. S., Saputro, S., & Utami, B. (2018). Upaya Peningkatan Kreativitas dan Prestasi Belajar Melalui Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Team Assisted Individualization (TAI) Dilengkapi LKS pada Materi Kelarutan dan Hasil Kali Kelarutan Siswa Kelas XI IPA 3 Semester Genap SMA Negeri 1 Ngemplak Boyolali. Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia, 7(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.20961/jpkim.v7i1.24566
Ningsih, M. F., ’Adna, S. F., & Fitri, A. (2020). Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran menggunakan Mobile Aplikasi Berbasis Augmented Reality Materi Dimensi Tiga Kelas XII SMA Negeri 4 Pekalongan. Jurnal Karya Pendidikan Matematika, 7(2), 32–39.
Obagah, R. R., & Brisibe, W. G. (2017). The Effectiveness of Instructional Videos in Enhancing Learning Experience of Architecture Students in Design and Drawing Courses: A Case Study of Rivers State University, Port- Harcourt. International Journal of Education and Research, 5(11), 33–46.
Par, S. H., & Thant, K. N. (2020). Critical Thinking Disposition And Self-Directed Learning Readiness Of University Students. XVIII(9).
Park, J. J., Long, P., Choe, N. H., & Schallert, D. L. (2018). The contribution of self-compassion and compassion to others to students’ emotions and project commitment when experiencing conflict in group projects. International Journal of Educational Research, 88(November 2017), 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2018.01.009
Perron, B. E., Taylor, H. O., Glass, J., & Margerum-Leys, J. (2010). Information and Communication Technologies in Social Work. Advances in Social Work, 11(1), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.18060/241
Piaget, J. (1977). Topics in Cognitive Development: Equilibration: Theory, Research, and Application. US: Springer.
Pintrich, P. R., & Groot, E. V. De. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 33–40.
Plews, R. C. (2017). Self-Direction in Online Learning: The Student Experience. International Journal of Self-Directed Learning, 14(1).
Prabowo, S., Surjono, H. D., & Prabowo, M. (2020). Improving Virus Lesson Mastery by Using Web-Based Learning Media. 440(Icobl 2019), 152–156. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200521.033
244

Pratama, R. E., & Mulyati, S. (2020). Pembelajaran Daring dan Luring pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19. Gagasan Pendidikan Indonesia, 1(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.30870/gpi.v1i2.9405
Rahman, M. L. (2018). Self Management on Self Directed Learning in Learning English Vocabulary. 145(Iconelt 2017), 156–158. https://doi.org/10.2991/iconelt-17.2018.35
Rahmawati, Titisari, K. H., & Pawenang, S. (2021). Learning Interest, Achievement Motivation, Learning Style, And Self-Reliance Of Learning Effect On Student Achievement At Smp Batik Surakarta. International Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting Research, 5(3).
Raja, R., & Nagasubramani, P. C. (2018). Impact of modern technology in education. Journal of Applied and Advanced Research, 3(S1), 33. https://doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2018.v3is1.165
Rajabi, S. (2012). Towards Self-Regulated Learning in School Curriculum. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 47, pp. 344–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.661
Rajesh, M. (2015). Revolution in Communication Technologies : (January), 62– 89.
Ratnasari, D., & Haryanto, H. (2019). Analysis of Utilization of Gadgets as Effective Learning Media in Innovation Education to improve Student Learning Achievement. KnE Social Sciences, 2019, 460–467–460–467. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i17.4671
Reigeluth, C. M. (1983). Instructional-Design Theories and Models. The United State of America: Lawrence Erbaum Associates.
Reiser, R., & Gagne, R. . (2002). The Selection Of Media For Learning (Pearson Ed). New Jersey.
Robb, F. C. (1943). Aristotle and education. Peabody Journal of Education, 20(4), 202–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/01619564309535765
Robinson, J. D., & Persky, A. M. (2020). Developing self-directed learners. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84(3), 292–296. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe847512
Robson, S. (2014). The Analysing Children’s creative thinking framework: Development of an observation-led approach to identifying and Analysing young children’s creative thinking. British Educational Research Journal, 40(1), 121–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3033
Rosali, E. S. (2020). Aktivitas Pembelajaran Daring Pada Masa Pandemi Covid - 19 Di. Geography Science Education Journal (GEOSEE), 1(1), 21–30.
Rousseeuw, P. J., & Leroy, A. M. (1987). Robust Regression and Outlier Detection. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471725382
Royce, J. J., & Mos, L. P. (1981). Humanistic Psychology: Concept and Criticisme. https://doi.org/DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-1071-6
Rudyanto, H. E., Ghufron, A., & Hartono. (2019). Use of integrated mobile application with realistic mathematics education: A study to develop elementary students’ creative thinking ability. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 13(10), 19–27. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v13i10.11598
245

Russell, E. B. (1996). Cognitive Learning Theory and Cane Travel Instruction: A New Paradigm (Book Review). Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 30(2), 155–156. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0560.2003.00021.x
Saettler, P. (2004). The Evolution of American Educational Technology. Connecticut: IAP.
Saferoglu, S. ., & Akbiyik, C. (2006). Teaching Critical Thingking (in Turkish). Hacettepe University Jurnal of Education, 30, 193–200.
Samli, A. C. (2011). From imagination to innovation: New product development for quality of life. New York: Springer.
Schunk, & H., D. (1995). Development of Strategic Competence through Self- Regulation of Attributions. Study Guide, 26.
Seels, B., & Richey, R. (1994). Instructional Technology: The Definition and Domaind Of The Field. Washington DC: Association for Educational Communitions and Technology.
Setuju, Surjono, H. D., Dwiningrum, Triyono, B., Muhtadi, A., & Widowati, A. (2021). Digital Literacy Competencies of Mechanical Engineering Vocational Education Teacher Candidates. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(6), 2119–2124. https://doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.4817
Shahrouri, E. (2016). The Impact Of Garrison’s Model Of Self Direct Learning on Improving Academic Self-Concept For Under graduate Students ‘AUE as a Model. International Journal of Education, Learning and Development, 4(10), 36–45.
Shroff, R. H., Ting, F. S. T., & Lam, W. H. (2019). Development and validation of an instrument to measure students’ perceptions of technology-enabled active learning. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 35(4), 109–127. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.4472
Siagian, Novayanti, & Sianipar, V. M. B. (2021). The Effect of Independent Learning and Learning Discipline on Student Learning Outcomes in Economics Subject Ips of 10th Grade During Covid-19 Pandemic in .... Budapest International Research and ..., 12806–12811. Retrieved from http://www.bircu-journal.com/index.php/birci/article/view/3339
Siagian, Nursalamah. (2020). Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh Era Covid-19 (1st ed.; J. Musfah, Ed.). Jakarta: Litbangdiklat Press.
Sinclair, M. (2004). Learning to live together:Building skills, values and attitudes for the twenty first century. In The Health Service Journal (Vol. 101). Retrieved from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3238321&tool=p mcentrez&rendertype=abstract
Sinnot, J. D. (2008). Humanistic Theory. I-Manager’s Journal on Educational Psychology, 1(4), 56–64.
Sipayung, H. D., Rahmatsyah, Sani, R. A., Bunawan, W., & Lubis, R. H. (2019). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Collaborative Inquiry Terhadap Keterampilan 4C Siswa di SMA. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika, 8(1), 29–38.
Slavin, R. E. (2010). Co-operative Learning: What Makes Group Work Work? How can teachers make best use of group work? The Nature of Learning:
246

Using Research to Inspire Practice, 161–178. Retrieved from http://www.curee.co.uk/files/publication/%5Bsite-timestamp%5D/Slavin %282010%29 Cooperative learning.pdf
Storch, N. (2005). Collaborative writing: Product, process, and students’ reflections. Journal of Second Language Writing, 14(153–173).
Sujak, A. (2020). Mengajar Generasi Z. In 1( ممممم مممممst ed., Vol. 4). Retrieved from http://marefateadyan.nashriyat.ir/node/150
Sulasiwi, I. F., Handayanto, S. K., & Wartono. (2019). DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-RATING SCALE INSTRUMENT OF SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING SKILLS FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Evaluasi Pendidikan, 23(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Sunbanu, H. F., Mawardi, M., & Wardani, K. W. (2019). Peningkatan Keterampilan Kolaborasi Siswa Menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Two Stay Two Stray Di Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Basicedu, 3(4), 2037–2041. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v3i4.260
Suparmi, Suardiman, S. P., & Budiningsih, C. A. (2020). The pupil’s creativity is inspired by experience through electronic media: Empirical study in Yogyakarta. International Journal of Instruction, 13(2), 637–648. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13243a
Suryaningsih, A. (2020). Peningkatan Motivasi Belajar Siswa Secara Online Pada Pelajaran Animasi 2D Melalui Strategi Komunikasi Persuasif. Ideguru: Jurnal Karya Ilmiah Guru, 5(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.51169/ideguru.v5i1.143
Tough, A. M. (1967). Learning Without a Teacher A Study of Tasks and Assistance During Adult Self-Study Projects. Toronto: The Ontario Institute.
Trilling, B., & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st Century Skills_ Learning for Life in Our Times. In Jossey-Bass. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass A Wiley Imprint.
Tsaniyah, A. B., & Poedjiastoeti, S. (2017). Moge Learning Model To Improve Creative Thinking Skills. International Journal of Education and Research, .172–165 ,)1(5
Tuerah, R. M. S. (2019). Constructivism approach in science learning. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 5(5), 362–376. https://doi.org/10.2991/icet-19.2019.59
Ulger, K. (2018). The effect of problem-based learning on the creative thinking and critical thinking disposition of students in visual arts education. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 12(1), 3–6. https://doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1649
UNESCO-UNEVOC. (2005). Learning to Do Values for Learning and Working Together in a Globalized World. In L. R. Quisimbing & J. De Leo (Eds.), UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training. Bonn: UNESCO-UNEVOC.
Utami, Y. P., Alan, D., Cahyono, D., & Indonesia, U. T. (2020). Studi at Home : Analisis Kesulitan Belajar Matematika pada Proses Pemjbelajaran Daring. Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika Realistik (JI-MR), 1(1), 20–26.
Vally, Z., Salloum, L., AlQedra, D., El Shazly, S., Albloshi, M., Alsheraifi, S., &
247
Alkaabi, A. (2019). Examining the effects of creativity training on creative production, creative self-efficacy, and neuro-executive functioning. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 31(September 2018), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.11.003
Velayati, N., Muslem, A., Fitriani, S. S., & Samad, I. A. (2017). An Exploration of Students’ Difficulties in Using Critical Thinking Skills in Reading. Al-Ta Lim Journal, 24(3), 195–206. https://doi.org/10.15548/jt.v24i3.298
Vera, N. A., Zambrano, K. D., Vera, L. L., Troya, N. Q., & Romero, M. Z. (2020). Self-assessment and coevaluation on learning process in Eloy Alfaro general educational unit. International Research Journal of Engineering, IT & Scientific Research, 6(2), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.21744/irjeis.v6n2.858
Vico, G. (1948). New Science. In The Autobiography of Giambattista Vico (3rd ed.). https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501703010-004
Vrasidas, C., & Mcisaac, M. S. (2000). Integrating Technology in Teaching and Teacher Education : Implications for Policy and Curriculum Reform Integrating Technology in Teaching and Teacher Education : Implications for Policy and. ICEM-CIME GENEVA CONFERENCE, 3987(March), 127–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/0952398011004194
Vygotsky. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge, Massachusett: Harvard University Press.
Wartiningsih, & Surjono, H. D. (2020). Adaptive E-Learning Model in Learning Personality Characters. 440(Icobl 2019), 18–22. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200521.004
Wasim, J., Sharma, S. K., Khan, I. A., & Siddiqui, J. (2014). Web Based Learning. 5(1), 446–449.
Williams, M. (2017). John Dewey in the 21st Century. Journal of Inquiry and Action in Education, 9(1), 91–102.
Wing, J. (2014). Computational thinking benefits society. Social Issues in Computing.
Wittmann, G., & Olivier, J. (2021). Blended learning as an approach to foster self- directed learning in teacher professional development. Independent Journal of Teaching and Learning, 16(September 2020), 0–2.
Yadav, A., Mayfield, C., Zhou, N., Hambrusch, S., & Korb, J. T. (2014). Computational thinking in elementary and secondary teacher education. ACM Transactions on Computing Education, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1145/2576872
Zakaria, P., Nurwan, N., & Silalahi, F. D. (2021). Deskripsi Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Melalui Pembelajaran Daring Pada Materi Segi Empat. Euler : Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika, Sains Dan Teknologi, 9(1), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.34312/euler.v9i1.10539
Zimmerman, B. J. (1989). Models of Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3618-4_1
Zogla, I. (2018). Science of pedagogy: Theory of educational discipline and practice. Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability, 20(2), 31–43. https://doi.org/10.2478/jtes-2018-0013
Zubaidah, S., Fuad, N. M., Mahanal, S., & Suarsini, E. (2017). Improving creative
248

thinking skills of students through Differentiated Science Inquiry integrated with mind map. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 14(4), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.12973/tused.10214a
Zulfa, L. N., & Haryanto, H. (2021). Pengaruh Media Macromedia Flash Terhadap Literasi Sains dan Sikap Demokratis Mahasiswa. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Indonesia, 9(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.24815/jpsi.v9i1.18266
citation:   Fadli, Failasuf and Budiningsih, Asri  (2022) Model Pembelajaran Mandiri Online PEVAR Siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas di Kota Pekalongan.  S3 thesis, Program Pascasarjana.   
document_url: http://eprints.uny.ac.id/74156/1/disertasi-failasuf%20fadli-19703261045.pdf